Malting of Fusarium Head Blight-Infected Rye (Secale cereale): Growth of Fusarium graminearum, Trichothecene Production, and the Impact on Malt Quality
Zhao Jin,
James Gillespie,
John Barr,
Jochum J. Wiersma,
Mark E. Sorrells,
Steve Zwinger,
Thomas Gross,
Jaime Cumming,
Gary C. Bergstrom,
Robert Brueggeman,
Richard D. Horsley,
Paul B. Schwarz
Affiliations
Zhao Jin
Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Dept. 7670, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
James Gillespie
Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Dept. 7670, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
John Barr
Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Dept. 7670, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
Jochum J. Wiersma
Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Crookston, MN 56716, USA
Mark E. Sorrells
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
Steve Zwinger
Carrington Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 219, Carrington, ND 58421, USA
Thomas Gross
Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Dept. 7660, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
Jaime Cumming
School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
Gary C. Bergstrom
School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
Robert Brueggeman
Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Dept. 7660, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
Richard D. Horsley
Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Dept. 7670, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
Paul B. Schwarz
Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Dept. 7670, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
This project was initiated with the goal of investigating the malt quality of winter rye cultivars and hybrids grown in the United States in 2014 and 2015, but high levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) were subsequently found in many of the malt samples. DON levels in 75% of the investigated rye samples (n = 117) were actually below 1.0 mg/kg, as quantified by a gas chromatography combined with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). However, 83% of the samples had DON in excess of 1.0 mg/kg following malting, and the average DON level in malted rye was 10.6 mg/kg. In addition, relatively high levels of 3-acetate DON (3-ADON), 15-acetate DON (15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), and DON-3-glucoside (D3G) were observed in some rye malts. Our results show that rye grain DON is likely a poor predicator of type B trichothecenes in malt in practice, because high levels of malt DON, 15-ADONm and D3G were produced, even when the rye samples with DON levels below 0.50 mg/kg were processed. Fusarium Tri5 DNA content in rye was highly associated with malt DON levels (r = 0.83) in a small subset of samples (n = 55). The impact of Fusarium infection on malt quality was demonstrated by the significant correlations between malt DON levels and wort viscosity, β-glucan content, wort color, wort p-coumaric acid content, and total phenolic content. Additional correlations of rye Fusarium Tri5 DNA contents with malt diastatic power (DP), wort free amino nitrogen (FAN) content, and arabinoxylan content were observed.
