Cervical pre-cancerous lesion detection: development of smartphone-based VIA application using artificial intelligence

Abstract

Abstract Objective Visual inspection of cervix after acetic acid application (VIA) has been considered an alternative to Pap smear in resource-limited settings, like Indonesia. However, VIA results mainly depend on examiner’s experience and with the lack of comprehensive training of healthcare workers, VIA accuracy keeps declining. We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based Android application that can automatically determine VIA results in real time and may be further developed as a health care support system in cervical cancer screening. Result A total of 199 women who underwent VIA test was studied. Images of cervix before and after VIA test were taken with smartphone, then evaluated and labelled by experienced oncologist as VIA positive or negative. Our AI model training pipeline consists of 3 steps: image pre-processing, feature extraction, and classifier development. Out of the 199 data, 134 were used as train-validation data and the remaining 65 data were used as test data. The trained AI model generated a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 96.4%, accuracy of 93.8%, precision of 80%, and ROC/AUC of 0.85 (95% CI 0.66–1.0). The developed AI-based Android application may potentially aid cervical cancer screening, especially in low resource settings.

Keywords

• VIA
• Cervical cancer screening
• Artificial intelligence
• Image processing
• Low-resource settings