Journal of Pain Research (Dec 2023)
Test–Retest Reliability of the Generalized Pain Questionnaire in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Preliminary Reference Values for Non-Clinical and Several Clinical Samples
Abstract
Niels Jansen,1 Peter M ten Klooster,2 Harald E Vonkeman,3 Jan R Buitenweg1 1Biomedical Signals and Systems, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; 2Psychology, Health & Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; 3Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the NetherlandsCorrespondence: Niels Jansen, Email [email protected]: Generalized pain hypersensitivity is a characteristic feature in many different types of chronic pain. Recently, a 7-item self-reported Generalized Pain Questionnaire (GPQ) was developed to evaluate the presence and severity of generalized pain hypersensitivity in chronic pain patients. Here, we evaluate the test–retest reliability of the GPQ and report on preliminary reference values for various patient groups and healthy subjects.Methods: Eighty-five patients diagnosed with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) completed the GPQ twice over a 2-week interval. Relative and absolute indicators of reliability were determined using data of 69 patients (81.2% retest response rate). Using readily available datasets, preliminary reference data were established in two nonclinical populations (NCP1; N = 30 and NCP2; N = 111), and for patients diagnosed with RA (N = 114), gout (N = 97), fibromyalgia (N=98), or neuropathy (N = 25), or participants in a pain rehabilitation program (N = 33).Results: Total GPQ scores had an ICC of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.67 to 0.86). While no systematic or proportional differences were found for the GPQ total score; two (near-)significant systematic differences were observed for the individual questions. The standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change were 2.22 and 6.2, respectively. Mean ± SD scores were found to be 0.8 ± 1.2 (NCP1), 4.0 ± 4.6 (NCP2), 6.4 ± 5.5 (Gout), 6.5 ± 5.1 (RA), 8.1 ± 4.5 (Neuropathy), 13.6 ± 4.0 (Rehabilitation) and 16.0 ± 5.0 (Fibromyalgia).Discussion: This study shows that the GPQ has acceptable reliability to be used as a tool to evaluate the presence and intensity of generalized pain hypersensitivity. The absolute measures of reliability and the preliminary reference values reported here aid in the interpretation of future studies with the GPQ.Keywords: generalized pain hypersensitivity, widespread pain, preliminary reference values, reliability, face validity
