Analysis of Cross-Layer Design of Quality-of-Service Forward Geographic Wireless Sensor Network Routing Strategies in Green Internet of Things

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks suffer from some limitations such as energy constraints and the cooperative demands essential to perform multi-hop geographic routing for Internet of things (IoT) applications. Quality of Service (QoS) depends to a great extent on offering participating nodes an incentive for collaborating. This paper presents a mathematical model for a new-generation of forwarding QoS routing determination that enables allocation of optimal path to satisfy QoS parameters to support a wide range of communication-intensive IoT's applications. The model is used to investigate the effects of multi-hop communication on a traffic system model designed with a Markov discrete-time M/M/1 queuing model, applicable to green deployment of duty-cycle sensor nodes. We present analytical formulation for the biterror-rate, and a critical path-loss model is defined to the specified level of trust among the most frequently used nodes. Additionally, we address the degree of irregularity parameter for promoting adaptation to geographic switching with respect to two categories of transmission in distributed systems: hop-by-hop and end-to-end retransmission schemes. The simulations identified results for the average packet delay transmission, the energy consumption for transmission, and the throughput. The simulations offer insights into the impact of radio irregularity on the neighbor-discovery routing technique of both schemes. Based on the simulation results, the messages en-coded with non-return-to-zero have more green efficiency over multihop IoT (without loss of connectivity between nodes) than those encoded with the Manchester operation. The findings presented in this paper are of great help to designers of IoT.

Keywords

• Wireless sensor networks
• quality of Service
• Internet of Things
• geographical routing
• euclidean distance
• network topology