Quinoxaline 1,4-di-<i>N</i>-oxide Derivatives as New Antinocardial Agents
Isidro Palos,
Alonzo González-González,
Alma D. Paz-González,
José C. Espinoza-Hicks,
Debasish Bandyopadhyay,
Norma Paniagua-Castro,
Marlene S. Galeana-Salazar,
Jorge Ismael Castañeda-Sánchez,
Julieta Luna-Herrera,
Gildardo Rivera
Affiliations
Isidro Palos
Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Rodhe, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Reynosa 88779, México
Alonzo González-González
Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro, s/n, Esq. Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, México
Alma D. Paz-González
Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro, s/n, Esq. Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, México
José C. Espinoza-Hicks
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario S/N, Chihuahua 31125, México
Debasish Bandyopadhyay
School of Biological and Chemical Sciences (SIBCS), The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
Norma Paniagua-Castro
Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México
Marlene S. Galeana-Salazar
Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de México 09460, México
Jorge Ismael Castañeda-Sánchez
Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de México 09460, México
Julieta Luna-Herrera
Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México
Gildardo Rivera
Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro, s/n, Esq. Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, México
Mycetoma is currently considered as a neglected tropical disease. The incidence of mycetoma is unknown but most of the worldwide cases are present in the “mycetoma belt” including countries like Mexico, India, Senegal, and others. The treatment of mycetoma depends on the etiological agent responsible for the case. Treatment success reaches 60 to 90%; however, common treatment has been reported to be ineffective in some cases, due in part to resistance to the prescribed antibiotics. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic options. In the past two decades, quinoxaline derivatives have shown relevance as antibacterial agents. Therefore, in this work, esters of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives were evaluated in vitro against the reference strain CECT-3052 from N. brasiliensis, six clinical isolates, and macrophages J774A.1 to determine their cytotoxicity and security index. Additionally, nine reference drugs were evaluated as controls. The results show that nine esters of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) N-05, N-09, N-11, and N-13) had an MIC N-oxide could be used to develop new and more potent antinocardial agents.
