Frontiers in Marine Science (Jul 2019)
A Surface Ocean CO2 Reference Network, SOCONET and Associated Marine Boundary Layer CO2 Measurements
- Rik Wanninkhof,
- Penelope A. Pickers,
- Abdirahman M. Omar,
- Adrienne Sutton,
- Akihiko Murata,
- Are Olsen,
- Britton B. Stephens,
- Bronte Tilbrook,
- David Munro,
- Denis Pierrot,
- Gregor Rehder,
- J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano,
- Jens D. Müller,
- Joaquin Trinanes,
- Kathy Tedesco,
- Kevin O’Brien,
- Kim Currie,
- Leticia Barbero,
- Maciej Telszewski,
- Mario Hoppema,
- Masao Ishii,
- Melchor González-Dávila,
- Nicholas R. Bates,
- Nicolas Metzl,
- Parvadha Suntharalingam,
- Richard A. Feely,
- Shin-ichiro Nakaoka,
- Siv K. Lauvset,
- Taro Takahashi,
- Tobias Steinhoff,
- Ute Schuster
Affiliations
- Rik Wanninkhof
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, United States
- Penelope A. Pickers
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Abdirahman M. Omar
- Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE), Bergen, Norway
- Adrienne Sutton
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States
- Akihiko Murata
- Research and Development Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
- Are Olsen
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Britton B. Stephens
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States
- Bronte Tilbrook
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- David Munro
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Denis Pierrot
- 0Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Gregor Rehder
- 1Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
- J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano
- 2Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Jens D. Müller
- 1Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
- Joaquin Trinanes
- 3Technological Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Kathy Tedesco
- 4Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division (NOAA), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Kevin O’Brien
- 5Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, NOAA/PMEL/SDIG, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Kim Currie
- 6National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Leticia Barbero
- 0Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Maciej Telszewski
- 7International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, Institute of Oceanology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
- Mario Hoppema
- 8Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Masao Ishii
- 9Japan Meteorological Agency, Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
- Melchor González-Dávila
- 2Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Nicholas R. Bates
- 0Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s, Bermuda
- Nicolas Metzl
- 1CNRS, IRD, MNHN, LOCEAN/IPSL Laboratory, Sorbonne Universités (UPMC, Univ Paris 06), Paris, France
- Parvadha Suntharalingam
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Richard A. Feely
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States
- Shin-ichiro Nakaoka
- 2National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
- Siv K. Lauvset
- Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE), Bergen, Norway
- Taro Takahashi
- 3Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States
- Tobias Steinhoff
- 4GEOMAR – Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Ute Schuster
- 5College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00400
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 6
Abstract
The Surface Ocean CO2 NETwork (SOCONET) and atmospheric Marine Boundary Layer (MBL) CO2 measurements from ships and buoys focus on the operational aspects of measurements of CO2 in both the ocean surface and atmospheric MBLs. The goal is to provide accurate pCO2 data to within 2 micro atmosphere (μatm) for surface ocean and 0.2 parts per million (ppm) for MBL measurements following rigorous best practices, calibration and intercomparison procedures. Platforms and data will be tracked in near real-time and final quality-controlled data will be provided to the community within a year. The network, involving partners worldwide, will aid in production of important products such as maps of monthly resolved surface ocean CO2 and air-sea CO2 flux measurements. These products and other derivatives using surface ocean and MBL CO2 data, such as surface ocean pH maps and MBL CO2 maps, will be of high value for policy assessments and socio-economic decisions regarding the role of the ocean in sequestering anthropogenic CO2 and how this uptake is impacting ocean health by ocean acidification. SOCONET has an open ocean emphasis but will work with regional (coastal) networks. It will liaise with intergovernmental science organizations such as Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), and the joint committee for and ocean and marine meteorology (JCOMM). Here we describe the details of this emerging network and its proposed operations and practices.
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