Association of Demographic, Clinical and Laboratory Parameters with Clinical Outcome of COVID-19 Patients of Bangalore: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction: Although the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID19) pandemic is creating a major global health crisis, the risk factors for mortality and the detailed clinical course of disease has not yet established. Aim: To determine association of the demographic data of COVID-19 patients with clinical profile and disease outcomes. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional single-center study considered adults patients of both the gender from March to June 2020 with an estimated sample size of 2000 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection by Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Necessary demographic and clinical data were collected and selected subjects were followedup until discharge or death. Subjects were classified as those who survived (1839 patients) and succumbed (138 patients) to death. T-test was used for comparing continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical data between the groups. Results: The study included 1977 patients with a male-tofemale ratio of 1:0.62. Fever, dyspnea and cough were noted as the major symptoms prevalent among patients who succumbed to death when compared to those who survived (p-value <0.001). Statistically significant variables noted between the groups were age (survived mean age- 42.74±15.15 years vs mean age 59.12±12.95 in those who succumbed to death, p-value <0.001), age groups (p-value <0.001), gender (p-value 0.042), haemoglobin, Total Leucocyte Count (TLC), neutrophil, lymphocytes, Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, all the comorbidity variables and the asymptomatic status. Variables identified as significant predictors of disease outcomes were Haemoglobin (Hb), TLC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, NLR, LDH and ferritin (p-value <0.001). Most of the subjects belonging to the mortality group required oxygen and other Intensive Care Unit (ICU) facilities when compared to the survival group (p-value <0.001). The mean days of viral clearance noted in COVID subjects was around 8.98±3.54 days. Conclusion: Hb, TLC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, NLR, LDH and ferritin are noted as significant predictors of COVID-19 outcome. Biochemical monitoring of COVID-19 patients helps in identifying critically ill patients early and can reduce mortality and improve the recovery.

Keywords

• coronavirus disease-2019
• haemoglobin
• lactate dehydrogenase
• neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio
• viral clearance