The Astronomical Journal (Jan 2023)
TOI-1136 is a Young, Coplanar, Aligned Planetary System in a Pristine Resonant Chain
- Fei Dai,
- Kento Masuda,
- Corey Beard,
- Paul Robertson,
- Max Goldberg,
- Konstantin Batygin,
- Luke Bouma,
- Jack J. Lissauer,
- Emil Knudstrup,
- Simon Albrecht,
- Andrew W. Howard,
- Heather A. Knutson,
- Erik A. Petigura,
- Lauren M. Weiss,
- Howard Isaacson,
- Martti Holst Kristiansen,
- Hugh Osborn,
- Songhu Wang,
- Xian-Yu Wang,
- Aida Behmard,
- Michael Greklek-McKeon,
- Shreyas Vissapragada,
- Natalie M. Batalha,
- Casey L. Brinkman,
- Ashley Chontos,
- Ian Crossfield,
- Courtney Dressing,
- Tara Fetherolf,
- Benjamin Fulton,
- Michelle L. Hill,
- Daniel Huber,
- Stephen R. Kane,
- Jack Lubin,
- Mason MacDougall,
- Andrew Mayo,
- Teo Močnik,
- Joseph M. Akana Murphy,
- Ryan A. Rubenzahl,
- Nicholas Scarsdale,
- Dakotah Tyler,
- Judah Van Zandt,
- Alex S. Polanski,
- Hans Martin Schwengeler,
- Ivan A. Terentev,
- Paul Benni,
- Allyson Bieryla,
- David Ciardi,
- Ben Falk,
- E. Furlan,
- Eric Girardin,
- Pere Guerra,
- Katharine M. Hesse,
- Steve B. Howell,
- J. Lillo-Box,
- Elisabeth C. Matthews,
- Joseph D. Twicken,
- Joel Villaseñor,
- David W. Latham,
- Jon M. Jenkins,
- George R. Ricker,
- Sara Seager,
- Roland Vanderspek,
- Joshua N. Winn
Affiliations
- Fei Dai
- ORCiD
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences , 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Kento Masuda
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University , Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Corey Beard
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Paul Robertson
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Max Goldberg
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Konstantin Batygin
- ORCiD
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences , 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Luke Bouma
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Jack J. Lissauer
- ORCiD
- Space Science & Astrobiology Division, MS 245-3, NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field , CA 94035, USA
- Emil Knudstrup
- ORCiD
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Simon Albrecht
- ORCiD
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Andrew W. Howard
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Heather A. Knutson
- ORCiD
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences , 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Erik A. Petigura
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Lauren M. Weiss
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Howard Isaacson
- ORCiD
- 501 Campbell Hall, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland , Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
- Martti Holst Kristiansen
- ORCiD
- Brorfelde Observatory , Observator Gyldenkernes Vej 7, DK-4340 Tølløse, Denmark
- Hugh Osborn
- ORCiD
- NCCR/PlanetS, Centre for Space & Habitability, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Songhu Wang
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Xian-Yu Wang
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 10010, People's Republic of China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Aida Behmard
- ORCiD
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences , 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Michael Greklek-McKeon
- ORCiD
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences , 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Shreyas Vissapragada
- ORCiD
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences , 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Natalie M. Batalha
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Casey L. Brinkman
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai’i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
- Ashley Chontos
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA; Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Ian Crossfield
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS, USA
- Courtney Dressing
- ORCiD
- 501 Campbell Hall, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Tara Fetherolf
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California , Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Benjamin Fulton
- ORCiD
- NASA Exoplanet Science Institute/Caltech-IPAC , MC 314-6, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Michelle L. Hill
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California , Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Daniel Huber
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Stephen R. Kane
- ORCiD
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California , Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Jack Lubin
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Mason MacDougall
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department, 475 Portola Plaza, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Andrew Mayo
- ORCiD
- 501 Campbell Hall, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Teo Močnik
- ORCiD
- Gemini Observatory/NSF’s NOIRLab , 670 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Joseph M. Akana Murphy
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Ryan A. Rubenzahl
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Nicholas Scarsdale
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Dakotah Tyler
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Judah Van Zandt
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Alex S. Polanski
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Hans Martin Schwengeler
- ORCiD
- Citizen scientist, c/o Zooniverse, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK
- Ivan A. Terentev
- ORCiD
- Citizen Scientist , Petrozavodsk, Russia
- Paul Benni
- Acton Sky Portal private observatory , Acton, MA, USA
- Allyson Bieryla
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- David Ciardi
- ORCiD
- NASA Exoplanet Science Institute/Caltech-IPAC , MC 314-6, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Ben Falk
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- E. Furlan
- ORCiD
- NASA Exoplanet Science Institute , Caltech/IPAC, Mail Code 100-22, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Eric Girardin
- Grand Pra Observatory , 1984 Les Haudères, Switzerland
- Pere Guerra
- Observatori Astronòmic Albanyà, Camí de Bassegoda S/N, Albanyà E-17733, Girona, Spain
- Katharine M. Hesse
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Steve B. Howell
- ORCiD
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- J. Lillo-Box
- ORCiD
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB, CSIC-INTA), Depto. de Astrofísica, ESAC campus, E-28692, Villanueva de la Cañada (Madrid), Spain
- Elisabeth C. Matthews
- ORCiD
- Observatoire de l’Universitè de Genève , Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- Joseph D. Twicken
- ORCiD
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; SETI Institute , Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- Joel Villaseñor
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- David W. Latham
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics — Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Jon M. Jenkins
- ORCiD
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- George R. Ricker
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Sara Seager
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Roland Vanderspek
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Joshua N. Winn
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aca327
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 165,
no. 2
p. 33
Abstract
Convergent disk migration has long been suspected to be responsible for forming planetary systems with a chain of mean-motion resonances (MMRs). Dynamical evolution over time could disrupt the delicate resonant configuration. We present TOI-1136, a 700 ± 150 Myr old G star hosting at least six transiting planets between ∼2 and 5 R _⊕ . The orbital period ratios deviate from exact commensurability by only 10 ^−4 , smaller than the ∼10 ^−2 deviations seen in typical Kepler near-resonant systems. A transit-timing analysis measured the masses of the planets (3–8 M _⊕ ) and demonstrated that the planets in TOI-1136 are in true resonances with librating resonant angles. Based on a Rossiter–McLaughlin measurement of planet d, the star’s rotation appears to be aligned with the planetary orbital planes. The well-aligned planetary system and the lack of a detected binary companion together suggest that TOI-1136's resonant chain formed in an isolated, quiescent disk with no stellar flyby, disk warp, or significant axial asymmetry. With period ratios near 3:2, 2:1, 3:2, 7:5, and 3:2, TOI-1136 is the first known resonant chain involving a second-order MMR (7:5) between two first-order MMRs. The formation of the delicate 7:5 resonance places strong constraints on the system’s migration history. Short-scale (starting from ∼0.1 au) Type-I migration with an inner disk edge is most consistent with the formation of TOI-1136. A low disk surface density (Σ _1 au ≲ 10 ^3 g cm ^−2 ; lower than the minimum-mass solar nebula) and the resultant slower migration rate likely facilitated the formation of the 7:5 second-order MMR.
Keywords
