Prevalence, Genetic Homogeneity, and Antibiotic Resistance of Pathogenic <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> Strains Isolated from Slaughtered Pigs in Bulgaria

Abstract

Yersiniosis is the third most commonly reported foodborne zoonosis in the European Union. Here, we evaluated the prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica among healthy pigs (as a major reservoir) in a slaughterhouse in Bulgaria. A total of 790 tonsils and feces from 601 pigs were examined. Isolation and pathogenicity characterization was carried out by the ISO 10273:2003 protocol and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), detecting the 16S rRNA gene, attachment and invasion locus (ail), Yersinia heat-stable enterotoxin (ystA), and Yersinia adhesion (yadA) genes. Genetic diversity was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and antimicrobial resistance by the standard disk diffusion method. Of all the pigs tested, 6.7% were positive for Y. enterocolitica. All isolates belonged to Y. enterocolitica bioserotype 4/O:3. ail, and ystA genes were detected in all positive strains (n = 43), while the plasmid Yersinia virulence plasmid (pYV) was detected in 41. High homogeneity was observed among the strains, with all strains susceptible to ceftriaxone, amikacin and ciprofloxacin, and resistant to ampicillin. In conclusion, a low prevalence of Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 was found in healthy pigs slaughtered in Bulgaria, not underestimating possible contamination of pork as a potential risk to consumer health.

Keywords

• pathogenic <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i>
• pigs
• PCR
• virulence genes
• antibiotic resistance
• pulsed-field gel electrophoresis