A primer for students regarding advanced topics in cardiothoracic surgery, part 1: Primer 6 of 7Central Message

• John A. Treffalls, BS,
• Edgar Aranda-Michel, MD, PhD,
• Omar Toubat, MD, PhD,
• Niveditha Jagadesh, MD,
• Jason J. Han, MD,
• Sophia H. Roberts, MD,
• Rohun Bhagat, MD,
• Ashley Y. Choi, MD,
• David Blitzer, MD,
• Clauden Louis, MD, MS,
• Aakash Shah, MD,
• James I. Fann, MD

Affiliations

John A. Treffalls, BS

Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex

Edgar Aranda-Michel, MD, PhD

Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif

Omar Toubat, MD, PhD

Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa

Niveditha Jagadesh, MD

Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minn

Jason J. Han, MD

Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa

Sophia H. Roberts, MD

Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Mo

Rohun Bhagat, MD

Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio; Address for reprints: Rohun Bhagat, MD, Heart, Vascular & Thoracic Institute, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195.

Ashley Y. Choi, MD

Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif

David Blitzer, MD

Division of Cardiac Surgery, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY

Clauden Louis, MD, MS

Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass

Aakash Shah, MD

Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Md

James I. Fann, MD

Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif