Persistent transmission of onchocerciasis in Kwanware-Ottou focus in Wenchi health district, Ghana

Abstract

Abstract Background This study examined onchocerciasis transmission in Kwanware and Ottou in the Wenchi Health District of Ghana, where persistent onchocercal microfilariae (mf) levels have been reported since 2012. Methods This study was conducted from 2019 to 2021 and involved the following: (i) reviewing past records of ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA); (ii) conducting a treatment coverage evaluation survey (CES); (iii) conducting key informant interviews; (iv) prospecting blackfly breeding sites; (v) collecting and dissecting blackflies; and (vi) conducting parasitological and serological surveys. Results (i) The review indicated ongoing MDA treatment for the past 27 years, with a reported coverage of over 65% in the last 17 yearly rounds; (ii) estimated treatment coverage by the CES in 2019 was 71.3%, with most of those not taking medicine stating that they were not offered; (iii) however, the key informant interviews revealed insufficiencies in reaching a significant number of people for treatment due to remote settlement, mobility, transport logistical issues, failure to register some people for treatment, leading to a false impression of good coverage, and a short distribution time; (iv) the most productive breeding was found within 5 km of Kwanware-Ottou; and (v) blackfly daily biting rates were highest in Kwanware and Ottou, with 199 and 160 bites per day, respectively. Infection in blackflies was found only in Kwanware and Ottou, with infectivity rates of 5.9‰ (per 1000) and 6.7‰, respectively. (vi) The mf prevalence in Ottou and Kwanware, respectively, was 40.0% and 30.0% among adults aged ≥ 20 years, and the anti-(Onchocerca volvulus) Ov16 IgG4 antibodies seroprevalence rates were 8.3% and 13.3% among children aged 5–9 years. These values were reduced to undetectable levels at a radius of 10 km from Ottou. Conclusions This study confirms that active onchocerciasis transmission centres on Kwanware/Ottou and is confined to a 10 km radius despite 27 yearly treatment rounds. The main contributing factors are suboptimal coverage and high biting rates. Identifying and targeting such a focus with a combination of interventions will be cost-effective in accelerating onchocerciasis elimination in Ghana.

Keywords

• Onchocerciasis
• Ivermectin
• Entomology
• Parasitology
• Serology
• Transmission focus