Mental Health‐Related Emergency Department Visits Among Children During The Early COVID‐19 Pandemic

Abstract

Objective To measure univariate and covariate‐adjusted trends in children's mental health‐related emergency department (MH‐ED) use across geographically diverse areas of the U.S. during the first wave of the Coronavirus‐2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Method This is a retrospective, cross‐sectional cohort study using electronic health records from four academic health systems, comparing percent volume change and adjusted risk of child MH‐ED visits among children aged 3–17 years, matched on 36‐week (3/18/19–11/25/19 vs. 3/16/20–11/22/20) and 12‐week seasonal time intervals. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated using multivariate Poisson regression. Results Visits declined during spring‐fall 2020 (n = 3892 vs. n = 5228, −25.5%) and during spring (n = 1051 vs. n = 1839, −42.8%), summer (n = 1430 vs. n = 1469, −2.6%), and fall (n = 1411 vs. n = 1920, −26.5%), compared with 2019. There were greater declines among males (28.2% vs. females −22.9%), children 6–12‐year (−28.6% vs. −25.9% for 3–5 years and −22.9% for 13–17 years), and Black children (−34.8% vs. −17.7% to −24.9%). Visits also declined for developmental disorders (−17.0%) and childhood‐onset disorders (e.g., attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders; −18.0%). During summer‐fall 2020, suicide‐related visits rose (summer +29.8%, fall +20.4%), but were not significantly elevated from 2019 when controlling for demographic shifts. In contrast, MH‐ED use during spring‐fall 2020 was significantly reduced for intellectual disabilities (IRR 0.62 [95% CI 0.47–0.86]), developmental disorders (IRR 0.71 [0.54–0.92]), and childhood‐onset disorders (IRR 0.74 [0.56–0.97]). Conclusions The early pandemic brought overall declines in child MH‐ED use alongside co‐occurring demographic and diagnostic shifts. Children vulnerable to missed detection during instructional disruptions experienced disproportionate declines, suggesting need for future longitudinal research in this population.