Increased liver echogenicity and liver enzymes are associated with extreme obesity, adolescent age and male gender: analysis from the German/Austrian/Swiss obesity registry APV

Abstract

Abstract Background Childhood obesity is often associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disease in pediatrics. Methods This multi-center study analyzed liver echogenicity and liver enzymes in relation to obesity, age, gender and comorbidities. Data were collected using a standardized documentation software (APV) from 1.033 pediatric patients (age: 4–18 years, body mass index = BMI: 28–36 kg/m2, 50% boys) with overweight (BMI >90th percentile), obesity (BMI >97th percentile) or extreme obesity (BMI > 99.5th percentile) and obesity related comorbidities, especially NAFLD from 26 centers of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma glutamyltransferase (gammaGT) were evaluated using 2 cut-off values a) > 25 U/L and b) > 50 U/L. Multiple logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis. Results In total, 44% of the patients showed increased liver echogenicity. Liver enzymes > 25 U/L were present in 64% and > 50 U/L in 17%. Increased liver echogenicity was associated with elevated liver enzymes (> 25 U/L: odds ratio (OR) = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1–1.9, P 50 U/L: OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 2.4–5.1, P 14 years vs age 25 U/L: OR = 4.1, 95% CI: 2.4–6.9, P 50 U/L: OR = 18.5, 95% CI: 2.5–135, P 14 years vs age 50 U/L: OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.0–3.7, P > 0.05; boys vs girls > 25 U/L: OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 2.4–4.1, P 50 U/L: OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.5–2.9, P 50 U/L (OR = 4.4, 95% CI: 1.6–11.8, P 25 U/L (OR 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2–2.0, P 50 U/L, but arterial hypertension was only present in patients with moderately elevated liver enzymes > 25 U/L.

Keywords

• Childhood obesity
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
• Male gender
• Liver echogenicity
• Liver enzymes
• Impaired glucose tolerance