Sensing of Catecholamine in Human Urine Using a Simple Colorimetric Assay Based on Direct Melanochrome and Indolequinone Formation

Abstract

We used the first enzyme-free synthesis and stabilization of soluble melanochrome (MC) and 5,6-indolequinone (IQ) derived from levodopa (LD), dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE) oxidation to develop a simple colorimetric assay for catecholamine detection in human urine, also elucidating the time-dependent formation and molecular weight of MC and IQ using UV–Vis spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The quantitative detection of LD and DA was achieved in human urine using MC as a selective colorimetric reporter to demonstrate the potential assay applicability in a matrix of interest in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and in clinical chemistry. The assay showed a linear dynamic range between 5.0 mg L−1 and 50.0 mg L−1, covering the concentration range of DA and LD found in urine samples from, e.g., Parkinson’s patients undergoing LD-based pharmacological therapy. The data reproducibility in the real matrix was very good within this concentration range (RSDav% 3.7% and 6.1% for DA and LD, respectively), also showing very good analytical performances with the limits of detection of 3.69 ± 0.17 mg L−1 and 2.51 ± 0.08 mg L−1 for DA and LD, respectively, thus paving the way for the effective and non-invasive monitoring of dopamine and levodopa in urine from patients during TDM in Parkinson’s disease.

Keywords

• Parkinson’s disease
• therapeutic drug monitoring
• urine analysis
• levodopa
• dopamine
• norepinephrine