Atypical central nervous system Whipple's disease: a case report and review of the literature

Abstract

Objective To report the first case of central nervous system Whipple's disease (WD) with relatively good prognosis in China and present a brief review of central nervous system WD so as to improve the understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease. Methods The clinical data of diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of one case of 35-year-old female was analysed in detail. Results Headache, hemiplesia and dementia were the main symptoms of this case and hypercranial pressure crisis occurred. During the course of disease, the patient successively presented paroxysmal extremity convulsion, right leg weakness, urinary incontinence, overeating, body mass increase. Despite of high dose of corticosteroid, penicillin and compound sulfamethoxazole were used, no effect was seen. Along with the increasing of intracranial pressure, cerebral hernia occurred. Cerebrospinal fluid examination indicated that glucose and chloride were normal while protein was obviously increased to 1700 mg/L. Electrocardiography (EEG) showed slow wave in right frontal and temporal lobes. Serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed mutiple long T1 and long T2 signals mainly in right cerebral hemisphere, frontal parietal temporal lobes, semioval center and basal ganglion, with edema and irregular loose contrast and extended to left cerebral. Brain biopsy showed large pieces of necrosis at right fronto-temporal lobe with massive infiltration of lymphocytes and plasmocytes at perivascular and brain tissue, and exudation of glitter cells. Positive PAS and methenamine silver staining revealed bacterial particles inglitter cells. Central nervous system tumor, demyelinating disease and inflammatory pseudotumor were excluded. Both clinical symptoms and neuroimging recovered well after regular antibiotic therapy. Conclusion Central nervous system WD is a rare disease with complicated symptoms and imaging characters challenging diagnosis and treatment. The pathological findings may only indicate a special infection of central nervous system with unknown origin. The management is difficult. The misdiagnosis rate and fatality are high. It is important for clinicians to be aware of the features of this disease and make early decision to perform brain biopsy for diagnosis. Once it is diagnosed, normalized therapy should be given. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2011.05.017

Keywords

• Whipple disease
• Central nervous system diseases
• Diagnosis, differential