The Astrophysical Journal Letters (Jan 2019)
First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole
- The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration,
- Kazunori Akiyama,
- Antxon Alberdi,
- Walter Alef,
- Keiichi Asada,
- Rebecca Azulay,
- Anne-Kathrin Baczko,
- David Ball,
- Mislav Baloković,
- John Barrett,
- Dan Bintley,
- Lindy Blackburn,
- Wilfred Boland,
- Katherine L. Bouman,
- Geoffrey C. Bower,
- Michael Bremer,
- Christiaan D. Brinkerink,
- Roger Brissenden,
- Silke Britzen,
- Avery E. Broderick,
- Dominique Broguiere,
- Thomas Bronzwaer,
- Do-Young Byun,
- John E. Carlstrom,
- Andrew Chael,
- Chi-kwan Chan,
- Shami Chatterjee,
- Koushik Chatterjee,
- Ming-Tang Chen,
- Yongjun Chen,
- Ilje Cho,
- Pierre Christian,
- John E. Conway,
- James M. Cordes,
- Geoffrey B. Crew,
- Yuzhu Cui,
- Jordy Davelaar,
- Mariafelicia De Laurentis,
- Roger Deane,
- Jessica Dempsey,
- Gregory Desvignes,
- Jason Dexter,
- Sheperd S. Doeleman,
- Ralph P. Eatough,
- Heino Falcke,
- Vincent L. Fish,
- Ed Fomalont,
- Raquel Fraga-Encinas,
- William T. Freeman,
- Per Friberg,
- Christian M. Fromm,
- José L. Gómez,
- Peter Galison,
- Charles F. Gammie,
- Roberto García,
- Olivier Gentaz,
- Boris Georgiev,
- Ciriaco Goddi,
- Roman Gold,
- Minfeng Gu,
- Mark Gurwell,
- Kazuhiro Hada,
- Michael H. Hecht,
- Ronald Hesper,
- Luis C. Ho,
- Paul Ho,
- Mareki Honma,
- Chih-Wei L. Huang,
- Lei Huang,
- David H. Hughes,
- Shiro Ikeda,
- Makoto Inoue,
- Sara Issaoun,
- David J. James,
- Buell T. Jannuzi,
- Michael Janssen,
- Britton Jeter,
- Wu Jiang,
- Michael D. Johnson,
- Svetlana Jorstad,
- Taehyun Jung,
- Mansour Karami,
- Ramesh Karuppusamy,
- Tomohisa Kawashima,
- Garrett K. Keating,
- Mark Kettenis,
- Jae-Young Kim,
- Junhan Kim,
- Jongsoo Kim,
- Motoki Kino,
- Jun Yi Koay,
- Patrick M. Koch,
- Shoko Koyama,
- Michael Kramer,
- Carsten Kramer,
- Thomas P. Krichbaum,
- Cheng-Yu Kuo,
- Tod R. Lauer,
- Sang-Sung Lee,
- Yan-Rong Li,
- Zhiyuan Li,
- Michael Lindqvist,
- Kuo Liu,
- Elisabetta Liuzzo,
- Wen-Ping Lo,
- Andrei P. Lobanov,
- Laurent Loinard,
- Colin Lonsdale,
- Ru-Sen Lu,
- Nicholas R. MacDonald,
- Jirong Mao,
- Sera Markoff,
- Daniel P. Marrone,
- Alan P. Marscher,
- Iván Martí-Vidal,
- Satoki Matsushita,
- Lynn D. Matthews,
- Lia Medeiros,
- Karl M. Menten,
- Yosuke Mizuno,
- Izumi Mizuno,
- James M. Moran,
- Kotaro Moriyama,
- Monika Moscibrodzka,
- Cornelia Müller,
- Hiroshi Nagai,
- Neil M. Nagar,
- Masanori Nakamura,
- Ramesh Narayan,
- Gopal Narayanan,
- Iniyan Natarajan,
- Roberto Neri,
- Chunchong Ni,
- Aristeidis Noutsos,
- Hiroki Okino,
- Héctor Olivares,
- Gisela N. Ortiz-León,
- Tomoaki Oyama,
- Feryal Özel,
- Daniel C. M. Palumbo,
- Nimesh Patel,
- Ue-Li Pen,
- Dominic W. Pesce,
- Vincent Piétu,
- Richard Plambeck,
- Aleksandar PopStefanija,
- Oliver Porth,
- Ben Prather,
- Jorge A. Preciado-López,
- Dimitrios Psaltis,
- Hung-Yi Pu,
- Venkatessh Ramakrishnan,
- Ramprasad Rao,
- Mark G. Rawlings,
- Alexander W. Raymond,
- Luciano Rezzolla,
- Bart Ripperda,
- Freek Roelofs,
- Alan Rogers,
- Eduardo Ros,
- Mel Rose,
- Arash Roshanineshat,
- Helge Rottmann,
- Alan L. Roy,
- Chet Ruszczyk,
- Benjamin R. Ryan,
- Kazi L. J. Rygl,
- Salvador Sánchez,
- David Sánchez-Arguelles,
- Mahito Sasada,
- Tuomas Savolainen,
- F. Peter Schloerb,
- Karl-Friedrich Schuster,
- Lijing Shao,
- Zhiqiang Shen,
- Des Small,
- Bong Won Sohn,
- Jason SooHoo,
- Fumie Tazaki,
- Paul Tiede,
- Remo P. J. Tilanus,
- Michael Titus,
- Kenji Toma,
- Pablo Torne,
- Tyler Trent,
- Sascha Trippe,
- Shuichiro Tsuda,
- Ilse van Bemmel,
- Huib Jan van Langevelde,
- Daniel R. van Rossum,
- Jan Wagner,
- John Wardle,
- Jonathan Weintroub,
- Norbert Wex,
- Robert Wharton,
- Maciek Wielgus,
- George N. Wong,
- Qingwen Wu,
- Ken Young,
- André Young,
- Ziri Younsi,
- Feng Yuan,
- Ye-Fei Yuan,
- J. Anton Zensus,
- Guangyao Zhao,
- Shan-Shan Zhao,
- Ziyan Zhu,
- Juan-Carlos Algaba,
- Alexander Allardi,
- Rodrigo Amestica,
- Jadyn Anczarski,
- Uwe Bach,
- Frederick K. Baganoff,
- Christopher Beaudoin,
- Bradford A. Benson,
- Ryan Berthold,
- Jay M. Blanchard,
- Ray Blundell,
- Sandra Bustamente,
- Roger Cappallo,
- Edgar Castillo-Domínguez,
- Chih-Cheng Chang,
- Shu-Hao Chang,
- Song-Chu Chang,
- Chung-Chen Chen,
- Ryan Chilson,
- Tim C. Chuter,
- Rodrigo Córdova Rosado,
- Iain M. Coulson,
- Thomas M. Crawford,
- Joseph Crowley,
- John David,
- Mark Derome,
- Matthew Dexter,
- Sven Dornbusch,
- Kevin A. Dudevoir,
- Sergio A. Dzib,
- Andreas Eckart,
- Chris Eckert,
- Neal R. Erickson,
- Wendeline B. Everett,
- Aaron Faber,
- Joseph R. Farah,
- Vernon Fath,
- Thomas W. Folkers,
- David C. Forbes,
- Robert Freund,
- Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz,
- David M. Gale,
- Feng Gao,
- Gertie Geertsema,
- David A. Graham,
- Christopher H. Greer,
- Ronald Grosslein,
- Frédéric Gueth,
- Daryl Haggard,
- Nils W. Halverson,
- Chih-Chiang Han,
- Kuo-Chang Han,
- Jinchi Hao,
- Yutaka Hasegawa,
- Jason W. Henning,
- Antonio Hernández-Gómez,
- Rubén Herrero-Illana,
- Stefan Heyminck,
- Akihiko Hirota,
- James Hoge,
- Yau-De Huang,
- C. M. Violette Impellizzeri,
- Homin Jiang,
- Atish Kamble,
- Ryan Keisler,
- Kimihiro Kimura,
- Yusuke Kono,
- Derek Kubo,
- John Kuroda,
- Richard Lacasse,
- Robert A. Laing,
- Erik M. Leitch,
- Chao-Te Li,
- Lupin C.-C. Lin,
- Ching-Tang Liu,
- Kuan-Yu Liu,
- Li-Ming Lu,
- Ralph G. Marson,
- Pierre L. Martin-Cocher,
- Kyle D. Massingill,
- Callie Matulonis,
- Martin P. McColl,
- Stephen R. McWhirter,
- Hugo Messias,
- Zheng Meyer-Zhao,
- Daniel Michalik,
- Alfredo Montaña,
- William Montgomerie,
- Matias Mora-Klein,
- Dirk Muders,
- Andrew Nadolski,
- Santiago Navarro,
- Joseph Neilsen,
- Chi H. Nguyen,
- Hiroaki Nishioka,
- Timothy Norton,
- Michael A. Nowak,
- George Nystrom,
- Hideo Ogawa,
- Peter Oshiro,
- Tomoaki Oyama,
- Harriet Parsons,
- Scott N. Paine,
- Juan Peñalver,
- Neil M. Phillips,
- Michael Poirier,
- Nicolas Pradel,
- Rurik A. Primiani,
- Philippe A. Raffin,
- Alexandra S. Rahlin,
- George Reiland,
- Christopher Risacher,
- Ignacio Ruiz,
- Alejandro F. Sáez-Madaín,
- Remi Sassella,
- Pim Schellart,
- Paul Shaw,
- Kevin M. Silva,
- Hotaka Shiokawa,
- David R. Smith,
- William Snow,
- Kamal Souccar,
- Don Sousa,
- T. K. Sridharan,
- Ranjani Srinivasan,
- William Stahm,
- Anthony A. Stark,
- Kyle Story,
- Sjoerd T. Timmer,
- Laura Vertatschitsch,
- Craig Walther,
- Ta-Shun Wei,
- Nathan Whitehorn,
- Alan R. Whitney,
- David P. Woody,
- Jan G. A. Wouterloot,
- Melvin Wright,
- Paul Yamaguchi,
- Chen-Yu Yu,
- Milagros Zeballos,
- Shuo Zhang,
- Lucy Ziurys
Affiliations
- The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
- Kazunori Akiyama
- ORCiD
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Antxon Alberdi
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
- Walter Alef
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Keiichi Asada
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Rebecca Azulay
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València , C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València , C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
- Anne-Kathrin Baczko
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- David Ball
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Mislav Baloković
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- John Barrett
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Dan Bintley
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Lindy Blackburn
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wilfred Boland
- Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA), PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Katherine L. Bouman
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Geoffrey C. Bower
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Michael Bremer
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Christiaan D. Brinkerink
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Roger Brissenden
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Silke Britzen
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Avery E. Broderick
- ORCiD
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Dominique Broguiere
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Thomas Bronzwaer
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Do-Young Byun
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- John E. Carlstrom
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Andrew Chael
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Chi-kwan Chan
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Data Science Institute, University of Arizona , 1230 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Shami Chatterjee
- ORCiD
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Koushik Chatterjee
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy , University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Ming-Tang Chen
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Yongjun Chen
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Ilje Cho
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Pierre Christian
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- John E. Conway
- ORCiD
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, Sweden
- James M. Cordes
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Geoffrey B. Crew
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Yuzhu Cui
- ORCiD
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Jordy Davelaar
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Mariafelicia De Laurentis
- ORCiD
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini,” Universitá di Napoli “Federico II,” Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy; Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; INFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo , Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
- Roger Deane
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Pretoria , Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0083, South Africa; Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University , Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
- Jessica Dempsey
- ORCiD
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Gregory Desvignes
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Jason Dexter
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstr. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Sheperd S. Doeleman
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Ralph P. Eatough
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Heino Falcke
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Vincent L. Fish
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Ed Fomalont
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Raquel Fraga-Encinas
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- William T. Freeman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32-D476, 77 Massachussetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Google Research, 355 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Per Friberg
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Christian M. Fromm
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- José L. Gómez
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
- Peter Galison
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of History of Science, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Charles F. Gammie
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Roberto García
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Olivier Gentaz
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Boris Georgiev
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Ciriaco Goddi
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Leiden Observatory—Allegro, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Roman Gold
- ORCiD
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Minfeng Gu
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- Mark Gurwell
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Kazuhiro Hada
- ORCiD
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Michael H. Hecht
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Ronald Hesper
- ORCiD
- NOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
- Luis C. Ho
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- Paul Ho
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Mareki Honma
- ORCiD
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Chih-Wei L. Huang
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Lei Huang
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- David H. Hughes
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México
- Shiro Ikeda
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8562, Japan; Department of Statistical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8583, Japan
- Makoto Inoue
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Sara Issaoun
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- David J. James
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Buell T. Jannuzi
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Michael Janssen
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Britton Jeter
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Wu Jiang
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- Michael D. Johnson
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Svetlana Jorstad
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA; Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg University , Universitetskij pr., 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Taehyun Jung
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Mansour Karami
- ORCiD
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Ramesh Karuppusamy
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Tomohisa Kawashima
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Garrett K. Keating
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Mark Kettenis
- ORCiD
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Jae-Young Kim
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Junhan Kim
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Jongsoo Kim
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Motoki Kino
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Kogakuin University of Technology & Engineering , Academic Support Center, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
- Jun Yi Koay
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Patrick M. Koch
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Shoko Koyama
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Michael Kramer
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Carsten Kramer
- ORCiD
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Thomas P. Krichbaum
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Cheng-Yu Kuo
- Physics Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University , No. 70, Lien-Hai Rd, Kaosiung City 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Tod R. Lauer
- ORCiD
- National Optical Astronomy Observatory , 950 North Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Sang-Sung Lee
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Yan-Rong Li
- ORCiD
- Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Zhiyuan Li
- ORCiD
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
- Michael Lindqvist
- ORCiD
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, Sweden
- Kuo Liu
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Elisabetta Liuzzo
- ORCiD
- Italian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Wen-Ping Lo
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Physics, National Taiwan University , No.1, Sect.4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Andrei P. Lobanov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Laurent Loinard
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Morelia 58089, México; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , CdMx 04510, México
- Colin Lonsdale
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Ru-Sen Lu
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
- Nicholas R. MacDonald
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Jirong Mao
- ORCiD
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China; Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Sera Markoff
- ORCiD
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy , University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Gravitation Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam (GRAPPA) Institute, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Daniel P. Marrone
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Alan P. Marscher
- ORCiD
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University , 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Iván Martí-Vidal
- ORCiD
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, Sweden; Centro Astronómico de Yebes (IGN), Apartado 148, E-19180 E-Yebes, Spain
- Satoki Matsushita
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Lynn D. Matthews
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Lia Medeiros
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Physics, Broida Hall, University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Karl M. Menten
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Yosuke Mizuno
- ORCiD
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Izumi Mizuno
- ORCiD
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- James M. Moran
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Kotaro Moriyama
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA; Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
- Monika Moscibrodzka
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Cornelia Müller
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Hiroshi Nagai
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Neil M. Nagar
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Masanori Nakamura
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Ramesh Narayan
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Gopal Narayanan
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
- Iniyan Natarajan
- ORCiD
- Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University , Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
- Roberto Neri
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Chunchong Ni
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Aristeidis Noutsos
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Hiroki Okino
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Héctor Olivares
- ORCiD
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Gisela N. Ortiz-León
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Tomoaki Oyama
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
- Feryal Özel
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Daniel C. M. Palumbo
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Nimesh Patel
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Ue-Li Pen
- ORCiD
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada; Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada; Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 180 Dundas St West, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada
- Dominic W. Pesce
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Vincent Piétu
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Richard Plambeck
- Radio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Aleksandar PopStefanija
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
- Oliver Porth
- ORCiD
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy , University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Ben Prather
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Jorge A. Preciado-López
- ORCiD
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada
- Dimitrios Psaltis
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Hung-Yi Pu
- ORCiD
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada
- Venkatessh Ramakrishnan
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Ramprasad Rao
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Mark G. Rawlings
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Alexander W. Raymond
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Luciano Rezzolla
- ORCiD
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Bart Ripperda
- ORCiD
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Freek Roelofs
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Alan Rogers
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Eduardo Ros
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Mel Rose
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Arash Roshanineshat
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Helge Rottmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Alan L. Roy
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Chet Ruszczyk
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Benjamin R. Ryan
- ORCiD
- CCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
- Kazi L. J. Rygl
- ORCiD
- Italian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Salvador Sánchez
- Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain
- David Sánchez-Arguelles
- ORCiD
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940, Ciudad de México, México
- Mahito Sasada
- ORCiD
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Tuomas Savolainen
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering , PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory , Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
- F. Peter Schloerb
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
- Karl-Friedrich Schuster
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Lijing Shao
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- Zhiqiang Shen
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People’s Republic of China
- Des Small
- ORCiD
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Bong Won Sohn
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University , Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Jason SooHoo
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Fumie Tazaki
- ORCiD
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
- Paul Tiede
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Remo P. J. Tilanus
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Leiden Observatory—Allegro, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag , The Netherlands
- Michael Titus
- ORCiD
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Kenji Toma
- ORCiD
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Pablo Torne
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain
- Tyler Trent
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Sascha Trippe
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Shuichiro Tsuda
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
- Ilse van Bemmel
- ORCiD
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Huib Jan van Langevelde
- ORCiD
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Daniel R. van Rossum
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Jan Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- John Wardle
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, Brandeis University , 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
- Jonathan Weintroub
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Norbert Wex
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Robert Wharton
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Maciek Wielgus
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- George N. Wong
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Qingwen Wu
- ORCiD
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Ken Young
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- André Young
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Ziri Younsi
- ORCiD
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK
- Feng Yuan
- ORCiD
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Ye-Fei Yuan
- Astronomy Department, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
- J. Anton Zensus
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Guangyao Zhao
- ORCiD
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
- Shan-Shan Zhao
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
- Ziyan Zhu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Juan-Carlos Algaba
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Alexander Allardi
- University of Vermont , Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Rodrigo Amestica
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, NRAO Technology Center, 1180 Boxwood Estate Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Jadyn Anczarski
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Villanova University , 800 E. Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
- Uwe Bach
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Frederick K. Baganoff
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Christopher Beaudoin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Bradford A. Benson
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Ryan Berthold
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Jay M. Blanchard
- ORCiD
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands; Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
- Ray Blundell
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Sandra Bustamente
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Luis Enrique Erro 1, Tonantzintla, Puebla, C.P. 72840, Mexico
- Roger Cappallo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Edgar Castillo-Domínguez
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Luis Enrique Erro 1, Tonantzintla, Puebla, C.P. 72840, Mexico; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, CDMX, C.P. 03940, Mexico
- Chih-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, No.566, Ln. 134, Longyuan Rd., Longtan Dist., Taoyuan City 325, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Shu-Hao Chang
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Song-Chu Chang
- National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, No.566, Ln. 134, Longyuan Rd., Longtan Dist., Taoyuan City 325, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Chung-Chen Chen
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Ryan Chilson
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Tim C. Chuter
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Rodrigo Córdova Rosado
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Iain M. Coulson
- ORCiD
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Thomas M. Crawford
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Joseph Crowley
- MIT Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- John David
- Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain
- Mark Derome
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Matthew Dexter
- Dept. of Astronomy, Univ. of California Berkeley , 501 Campbell, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Sven Dornbusch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Kevin A. Dudevoir
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA; Deceased.
- Sergio A. Dzib
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Andreas Eckart
- ORCiD
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Str. 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany
- Chris Eckert
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Neal R. Erickson
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
- Wendeline B. Everett
- ORCiD
- CASA, Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Aaron Faber
- Western University , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Joseph R. Farah
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; University of Massachusetts Boston , 100 William T, Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125, USA
- Vernon Fath
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
- Thomas W. Folkers
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- David C. Forbes
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Robert Freund
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Luis Enrique Erro 1, Tonantzintla, Puebla, C.P. 72840, Mexico; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, CDMX, C.P. 03940, Mexico
- David M. Gale
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Luis Enrique Erro 1, Tonantzintla, Puebla, C.P. 72840, Mexico
- Feng Gao
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstr. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Gertie Geertsema
- Research and Development Weather and Climate Models, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, Utrechtseweg 297, 3731 GA, De Bilt, The Netherlands
- David A. Graham
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Christopher H. Greer
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Ronald Grosslein
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
- Frédéric Gueth
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Daryl Haggard
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, McGill University , 3600 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada; McGill Space Institute, McGill University , 3550 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada; CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar, Gravity & the Extreme Universe Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 505, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Nils W. Halverson
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Chih-Chiang Han
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Kuo-Chang Han
- National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, No.566, Ln. 134, Longyuan Rd., Longtan Dist., Taoyuan City 325, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Jinchi Hao
- National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, No.566, Ln. 134, Longyuan Rd., Longtan Dist., Taoyuan City 325, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Yutaka Hasegawa
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Jason W. Henning
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
- Antonio Hernández-Gómez
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Morelia 58089, México; IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, Toulouse, France
- Rubén Herrero-Illana
- ORCiD
- European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Stefan Heyminck
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Akihiko Hirota
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- James Hoge
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Yau-De Huang
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- C. M. Violette Impellizzeri
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Homin Jiang
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Atish Kamble
- ORCiD
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Ryan Keisler
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Kimihiro Kimura
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Yusuke Kono
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Derek Kubo
- ASIAA Hilo Office, 645 N. A‘ohoku Place, University Park , Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- John Kuroda
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Richard Lacasse
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, NRAO Technology Center, 1180 Boxwood Estate Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Robert A. Laing
- Square Kilometre Array Organisation, Jodrell Bank Observatory , Lower Withington, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9DL, UK
- Erik M. Leitch
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Chao-Te Li
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Lupin C.-C. Lin
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Ching-Tang Liu
- National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, No.566, Ln. 134, Longyuan Rd., Longtan Dist., Taoyuan City 325, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Kuan-Yu Liu
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Li-Ming Lu
- National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, No.566, Ln. 134, Longyuan Rd., Longtan Dist., Taoyuan City 325, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Ralph G. Marson
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, P.O. Box O, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
- Pierre L. Martin-Cocher
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Kyle D. Massingill
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Callie Matulonis
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Martin P. McColl
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Stephen R. McWhirter
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Hugo Messias
- ORCiD
- European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Joint ALMA Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura 763-0355, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Zheng Meyer-Zhao
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
- Daniel Michalik
- ORCiD
- Science Support Office, Directorate of Science, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands; University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Alfredo Montaña
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Luis Enrique Erro 1, Tonantzintla, Puebla, C.P. 72840, Mexico; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, CDMX, C.P. 03940, Mexico
- William Montgomerie
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Matias Mora-Klein
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, NRAO Technology Center, 1180 Boxwood Estate Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Dirk Muders
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Andrew Nadolski
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Santiago Navarro
- Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain
- Joseph Neilsen
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Villanova University , 800 E. Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
- Chi H. Nguyen
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Center for Detectors, School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, 1 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
- Hiroaki Nishioka
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Timothy Norton
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Michael A. Nowak
- ORCiD
- Physics Dept., CB 1105, Washington University , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
- George Nystrom
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Hideo Ogawa
- Osaka Prefecture University , Gakuencyou Sakai Osaka, Sakai 599-8531, Kinki, Japan
- Peter Oshiro
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Tomoaki Oyama
- Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Ohshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
- Harriet Parsons
- ORCiD
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Scott N. Paine
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Juan Peñalver
- Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain
- Neil M. Phillips
- European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Joint ALMA Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura 763-0355, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Michael Poirier
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- Nicolas Pradel
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Rurik A. Primiani
- ORCiD
- Systems & Technology Research, 600 West Cummings Park, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
- Philippe A. Raffin
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Alexandra S. Rahlin
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- George Reiland
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Christopher Risacher
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Ignacio Ruiz
- Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain
- Alejandro F. Sáez-Madaín
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, NRAO Technology Center, 1180 Boxwood Estate Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Joint ALMA Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura 763-0355, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Remi Sassella
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- Pim Schellart
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Paul Shaw
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Kevin M. Silva
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Hotaka Shiokawa
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- David R. Smith
- ORCiD
- MERLAB, 357 S. Candler St., Decatur, GA 30030, USA; GWW School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- William Snow
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Kamal Souccar
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
- Don Sousa
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- T. K. Sridharan
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Ranjani Srinivasan
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- William Stahm
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Anthony A. Stark
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Kyle Story
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University , 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sjoerd T. Timmer
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Laura Vertatschitsch
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Systems & Technology Research, 600 West Cummings Park, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
- Craig Walther
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Ta-Shun Wei
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Nathan Whitehorn
- ORCiD
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Alan R. Whitney
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Haystack Observatory , 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
- David P. Woody
- Owens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Big Pine, CA 93513, USA
- Jan G. A. Wouterloot
- ORCiD
- East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
- Melvin Wright
- ORCiD
- Dept. of Astronomy, Radio Astronomy Laboratory, Univ. of California Berkeley , 601 Campbell, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Paul Yamaguchi
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Chen-Yu Yu
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Milagros Zeballos
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Luis Enrique Erro 1, Tonantzintla, Puebla, C.P. 72840, Mexico; Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Sta. Catarina Mártir S/N, San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, C.P. 72810, Mexico
- Shuo Zhang
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Lucy Ziurys
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 875,
no. 1
p. L1
Abstract
When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42 ± 3 μ as, which is circular and encompasses a central depression in brightness with a flux ratio ≳10:1. The emission ring is recovered using different calibration and imaging schemes, with its diameter and width remaining stable over four different observations carried out in different days. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. The asymmetry in brightness in the ring can be explained in terms of relativistic beaming of the emission from a plasma rotating close to the speed of light around a black hole. We compare our images to an extensive library of ray-traced general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black holes and derive a central mass of M = (6.5 ± 0.7) × 10 ^9 M _⊙ . Our radio-wave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black holes in centers of galaxies and as the central engines of active galactic nuclei. They also present a new tool to explore gravity in its most extreme limit and on a mass scale that was so far not accessible.
Keywords
- accretion, accretion disks
- black hole physics
- galaxies: active
- galaxies: individual (M87)
- galaxies: jets
- gravitation
