TiO<sub>2</sub>/p-BC Composite Photocatalyst for Efficient Removal of Tetracycline from Aqueous Solutions under Simulated Sunlight

Jianhui Liu; Liwen Zheng; Yongchao Gao; Lei Ji; Zhongfeng Yang; Hailun Wang; Ming Shang; Jianhua Du; Xiaodong Yang

doi:10.3390/catal14060357

Catalysts (May 2024)

TiO<sub>2</sub>/p-BC Composite Photocatalyst for Efficient Removal of Tetracycline from Aqueous Solutions under Simulated Sunlight

Jianhui Liu,
Liwen Zheng,
Yongchao Gao,
Lei Ji,
Zhongfeng Yang,
Hailun Wang,
Ming Shang,
Jianhua Du,
Xiaodong Yang

Affiliations

Jianhui Liu: Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
Liwen Zheng: Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
Yongchao Gao: Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
Lei Ji: Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
Zhongfeng Yang: Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
Hailun Wang: Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
Ming Shang: Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China
Jianhua Du: WSP Australia Pty Limited, Level 3, Mia Yellagonga Tower 2, 5 Spring Street, Perth 6000, Australia
Xiaodong Yang: Department of Geography & Spatial Information Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060357
Journal volume & issue: Vol. 14, no. 6
p. 357

Abstract

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Pollution caused by antibiotics has brought significant challenges to the ecological environment. To improve the efficiency of the removal of tetracycline (TC) from aqueous solutions, a composite material consisting of TiO2 and phosphoric acid-treated peanut shell biochar (p-BC) has been successfully synthesized in the present study by the sol-gel method. In addition, the composite material was characterized using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS). The XPS and FTIR analyses revealed the formation of a new Ti–O–C bond, while the XRD analysis confirmed the presence of TiO2 (with an anatase phase) in the composite material. Also, the PL analyses showed a notable decrease in the recombination efficiency of electrons and holes, which was due to the formation of a composite. This was further supported by the UV-vis DRS analyses, which revealed a decrease in bandgap (to 2.73 eV) of the composite material and led to enhanced light utilization and improved photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the effects of pH, composite dosage, and initial concentration on the removal of TC were thoroughly examined, which resulted in a maximum removal efficiency of 95.3% under optimal conditions. Additionally, five consecutive cycle tests demonstrated an exceptional reusability and stability of the composite material. As a result of the experiments, the active species verified that ·O2− played a key role in the photodegradation of TC. Four possible degradation pathways of TC were then proposed. As a general conclusion, the TiO2/p–BC composite can be used as an efficient photocatalyst in the removal of TC from aqueous solutions.

Published in Catalysts

ISSN: 2073-4344 (Online)
Publisher: MDPI AG
Country of publisher: Switzerland
LCC subjects: Technology: Chemical technology; Science: Chemistry
Website: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/catalysts

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