Beyond the Risk of Biofilms: An Up-and-Coming Battleground of Bacterial Life and Potential Antibiofilm Agents
Mohamed Zeineldin,
Ahmed Esmael,
Rashad R. Al-Hindi,
Mona G. Alharbi,
Debebe Ashenafi Bekele,
Addisu D. Teklemariam
Affiliations
Mohamed Zeineldin
Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt
Ahmed Esmael
Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
Rashad R. Al-Hindi
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Mona G. Alharbi
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Debebe Ashenafi Bekele
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia
Addisu D. Teklemariam
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Microbial pathogens and their virulence factors like biofilms are one of the major factors which influence the disease process and its outcomes. Biofilms are a complex microbial network that is produced by bacteria on any devices and/or biotic surfaces to escape harsh environmental conditions and antimicrobial effects. Due to the natural protective nature of biofilms and the associated multidrug resistance issues, researchers evaluated several natural anti-biofilm agents, including bacteriophages and their derivatives, honey, plant extracts, and surfactants for better destruction of biofilm and planktonic cells. This review discusses some of these natural agents that are being put into practice to prevent biofilm formation. In addition, we highlight bacterial biofilm formation and the mechanism of resistance to antibiotics.
