Arrhythmogenic Potential of Myocardial Edema: The Interstitial Osmolality Induces Spiral Waves and Multiple Excitation Wavelets

Abstract

Myocardial edema is a common symptom of pathological processes in the heart, causing aggravation of cardiovascular diseases and leading to irreversible myocardial remodeling. Patient-based studies show that myocardial edema is associated with arrhythmias. Currently, there are no studies that have examined how edema may influence changes in calcium dynamics in the functional syncytium. We performed optical mapping of calcium dynamics on a monolayer of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with Fluo-4. The osmolality of the solutions was adjusted using the NaCl content. The initial Tyrode solution contained 140 mM NaCl (1T) and the hypoosmotic solutions contained 105 (0.75T) and 70 mM NaCl (0.5T). This study demonstrated a sharp decrease in the calcium wave propagation speed with a decrease in the solution osmolality. The successive decrease in osmolality also showed a transition from a normal wavefront to spiral wave and multiple wavelets of excitation with wave break. Our study demonstrated that, in a cellular model, hypoosmolality and, as a consequence, myocardial edema, could potentially lead to fatal ventricular arrhythmias, which to our knowledge has not been studied before. At 0.75T spiral waves appeared, whereas multiple wavelets of excitation occurred in 0.5T, which had not been recorded previously in a two-dimensional monolayer under conditions of cell edema without changes in the pacing protocol.

Keywords

• excitation wavelets
• spiral waves
• re-entry
• ventricular fibrillation
• ventricular arrhythmia
• edema