Health Risk Assessment of Hazardous Heavy Metals in Two Varieties of Mango Fruit (<i>Mangifera indica</i> L. var. Dasheri and Langra)
Ivan Širić,
Ebrahem M. Eid,
Mohamed H. E. El-Morsy,
Hanan E. M. Osman,
Bashir Adelodun,
Sami Abou Fayssal,
Boro Mioč,
Madhumita Goala,
Jogendra Singh,
Archana Bachheti,
Ashish Kumar Arya,
Kyung Sook Choi,
Vinod Kumar,
Pankaj Kumar
Affiliations
Ivan Širić
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Ebrahem M. Eid
Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia
Mohamed H. E. El-Morsy
Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia
Hanan E. M. Osman
Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia
Bashir Adelodun
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
Sami Abou Fayssal
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
Boro Mioč
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Svetosimunska 25, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Madhumita Goala
Nehru College, Pailapool, Affiliated Assam University, Silchar 788098, Assam, India
Jogendra Singh
Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
Archana Bachheti
Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
Ashish Kumar Arya
Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
Kyung Sook Choi
Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
Vinod Kumar
Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
Pankaj Kumar
Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
The spatial assessment of four heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, and As) in two mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) varieties (Dasheri and Langra) collected from the Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India, was investigated in this study. The samples of ripe mango fruits were collected from the orchards of 12 major towns in the Saharanpur district from May to June 2022. Heavy metal analysis using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) showed the presence of all selected heavy metals. Specifically, the concentration (mg/kg dry weight basis) range of Cd (0.01–0.08), Cr (0.11–0.82), Pb (0.02–0.15), and As (0.01–0.14) did not exceed the safe limits. The geospatial variation in the heavy metal concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) different as indicated by the inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) results. The multivariate statistical analysis using principal component (PC) and agglomerative hierarchical cluster (AHC) analyses revealed that the Saharanpur city location had the highest levels of selected heavy metals out of the 12 sampling locations. In this, the Dasheri variety was identified to have higher heavy metal concentrations in comparison to the Langra variety. Moreover, the health risk study using the target hazard quotient (THQ) confirmed that the levels did not exceed the safe health risk index (HRI) limit of 1. However, the health risk assessment for the child group showed relatively high HRI values (<0.35) compared to those of the adult group (<0.09). Therefore, considering the importance of the Saharanpur district in massive mango fruit production, this study provides vital information regarding the biomonitoring of heavy metals in the two most consumed varieties.
