Sensors (Nov 2023)
Can IR Images of the Water Surface Be Used to Quantify the Energy Spectrum and the Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rate?
Abstract
Near-surface oceanic turbulence plays an important role in the exchange of mass, momentum, and energy between the atmosphere and the ocean. The climate modifying the air–sea CO2 transfer rate varies linearly with the surface turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate to the 1/4 power in a range of systems with different types of forcing, such as coastal oceans, river estuaries, large tidal freshwater rivers, and oceans. In the first part of this paper, we present a numerical study of the near-surface turbulent kinetic energy spectra deduced from a direct numerical simulation (DNS) compared to turbulent kinetic energy spectra deduced from idealized infrared (IR) images. The DNS temperature fields served as a surrogate for IR images from which we have calculated the underlying kinetic energy spectra. Despite the near-surface flow region being highly anisotropic, we demonstrated that modeled isotropic and homogeneous turbulence spectra can serve as an approximation to observed near-surface spectra within the inertial and dissipation ranges. The second part of this paper validates our numerical observations in a laboratory experiment. In this experiment, we compared the turbulent kinetic energy spectra near the surface, as measured using a submerged shear sensor with the spectra derived from infrared images collected from above the surface. The energy dissipation measured by the shear sensor was found to be within 20% of the dissipation value derived from the IR images. Numerically and experimentally, we have demonstrated that IR-based and remote measurement techniques of the aquatic near surface offer a potentially accurate and non-invasive way to measure near-surface turbulence, which is needed by the community to improve models of oceanic air–sea heat, momentum, and gas fluxes.
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