The Application of Calcium-Based Expansive Agents in High-Strength Concrete: A Review

Abstract

In this study, comprehensive investigation of the shrinkage compensation mechanisms of calcium-based expansive agents (CEAs), their effects on the properties of (ultra) high-strength concrete (HSC/UHSC), and the existing problems in applying this methodology was conducted. Analyses showed that the rational use of CEAs under certain conditions could greatly or completely inhibit the development of autogenous shrinkage of HSC/UHSC and significantly reduce the risk of associated cracking. However, it was found that the hydration of the CEAs affected the hydration process of other binders, thereby altering the microstructure of concrete. This, in turn, led to a reduction in mechanical properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus, with the rate of reduction increasing as the amount of CEA used increased. Moreover, when attempting to improve the shrinkage compensation effects, increasing the amount of CEA presented a risk of delayed expansion cracking of the HSC/UHSC. Neither the expansion mechanism, expansion conditions, nor the inhibition methods have yet been fully clarified in the current stage. Lastly, newly proposed Ca–Mg composite EAs were outlined, and the research prospects of Ca–Mg composite EAs in HSC/UHSC were explored.

Keywords

• cementitious materials
• ultra-high strength concrete
• autogenous shrinkage
• calcium-based expansive agent