Mechanistic insight into the bioactivity of prodigiosin-entrapped lipid nanoparticles against triple-negative breast, lung and colon cancer cell lines
Thaddeus H. Gugu,
Christopher O. Eze,
Franklin C. Kenechukwu,
Muhammad AKM. Bintang,
Sanjay B. Patil,
Ganesh D. Basarkar,
Anthony A. Attama,
Emmanuel C. Ibezim,
Chandrashekhar D. Upasani,
Teerapol Srichana
Affiliations
Thaddeus H. Gugu
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Enugu State, Nigeria; Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Corresponding author. Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Enugu State, Nigeria.
Christopher O. Eze
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Enugu State, Nigeria
Franklin C. Kenechukwu
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Enugu State, Nigeria
Muhammad AKM. Bintang
Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
Sanjay B. Patil
Department of Pharmaceutics, SNJB’s Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Chandwad, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune. (MS), India
Ganesh D. Basarkar
Department of Pharmaceutics, SNJB’s Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Chandwad, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune. (MS), India
Anthony A. Attama
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Enugu State, Nigeria
Emmanuel C. Ibezim
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Enugu State, Nigeria
Chandrashekhar D. Upasani
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, SNJB’s Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Chandwad, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune. (MS), India
Teerapol Srichana
Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
This research investigates the potentials of prodigiosin(PG) derived from bacteria and its formulations against triple-negative breast (TNB), lung, and colon cancer cells. The PG was extracted from S. marcescens using continuous batch culture, characterized, and formulated into lyophilized parenteral nanoparticles (PNPs). The formulations were characterized with respect to entrapment efficiency (EE), DSC, FT-IR, TEM, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. In vitro drug release was evaluated in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) while acute toxicity, hematological and histopathological studies were performed on rats. The in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated against TNB (MCF-7), lung (A-549), and colon (HT-29) cancer cell lines. High EE (92.3 ± 12%) and drug release of up to 89.4% within 8 h were obtained. DSC thermograms of PG and PG-PNPs showed endothermic peaks indicating amorphous nature. The FT-IR spectrum of PG-PNPs revealed remarkable peaks of pure PG, indicating no strong chemical interaction between the drug and excipients. The TEM micrograph of the PG-PNPs showed nano-sized formulations (20–30 nm) whose particles were mostly lamellar and hexagonal structures. The 1H NMR result revealed the chemical structure of PG showing all assigned proton chemical shifts. Toxicity results of the PG and its formulation up to a concentration of 5000 mg/kg showed insignificant vacuolar changes of hepatocytes in the liver, with normal renal medulla and cortex in the kidney. The PG and PG-PNPs inhibited the growth of breast, lung, and colon cell lines. The nano-sized lipid formulation (PG-PNPs) showed potential in PG delivery and cancer treatments.
