The effects of amphetamine exposure on stress susceptibility in mice

Abstract

Substance use disorders (SUDs) and their many psychiatric comorbidities, including major depression and anxiety disorders, are characterized by significant sex differences. Although the causes of SUDs and their psychiatric comorbidities remain unknown, stress has been heavily implicated in their etiology. Indeed, one leading hypothesis regarding the basis of clinically observed sex differences in psychopathology argues that differences in stress susceptibility and stress exposure play key roles. Consistent with this, differences in stress susceptibility and reactivity in females compared to males have been documented across multiple species. A wide range of environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors are also thought to impact stress susceptibility, but whether there are sex differences in the effects of specific susceptibility factors remains understudied. Preclinical work suggests that a history of cocaine exposure can increase susceptibility to stress in males, but whether similar effects occur in females following stimulant exposure has not been established. The current work examined the impact of repeated amphetamine administration on subsequent susceptibility to mild sub-chronic stress in male and female mice. In addition to examining behavior, potential sex differences in the effects of stress and amphetamine on the expression of several genes were evaluated. Our results reveal several significant sex differences in the behavioral effects of amphetamine and stress in the elevated plus maze, forced swim test, and novelty-suppressed feeding test. However, in contrast to our initial hypothesis, a history of amphetamine did not lead to an overall increase in stress susceptibility across multiple tests in males or females.

Keywords

• Stress
• Sex differences
• Stimulants
• Depression
• Anxiety