Altered leukocyte blood count in COVID-19 pandemic period

Abstract

Relevance. A potential for zoonotic transmission of highly pathogenic coronavirus strains to humans was of little concern to health care providers, which came as a surprise and led to a coronavirus pandemic in 2020 spring. In 2023 fall, there was higher number of humans infected with coronavirus infection. In 2024, influenza outbreaks characterized by wave-like temperature changes are observed, which may indicate the emergence of a new virus strain. Currently, it is of interest to study the effects related to novel coronavirus infection on human immune system. To date, the immune responses for individual parameters from leukocyte blood formula have been studied, but insufficient attention has been paid to the cumulative impact, due to the fact that many parameters behave ambiguously and it has not been possible to determine the cumulative impact on the immunogram. The aim of the study is to investigate models describing the dynamics in immunogram changes during the pandemic in adolescents living in Perm Krai. The objectives were to analyze differential equations describing a change in immunogram parameters; to summarize study results on impaired immunity due to exposure to coronavirus infection. Results. Differential equations were analyzed and the extremum and age patient parameters with the greatest deviation from the reference interval were determined. Conclusion. Despite the fact that individual elements of flow cytophotometric analysis are oscillatory in nature with large impulses, the generalization of flow cytophotometric analysis indices showed an interesting pattern characterized by a smooth change towards increasing deviation in older adolescence for all studied parameters. Flow cytophotometric analysis indices being within the reference range had the same modality towards negative trend with increasing age only differed by the fact that in the disease state the deviation was twice as large. Without disease, the excess of flow cytophotometric analysis indicators had a positive trend with increasing age, and the decrease of flow cytophotometric analysis indicators from the reference interval had a negative trend. In the disease state with decreased immunoglobulins, when flow cytophotometric analysis exceeded the reference interval, there was a convex deviation in the negative direction with increasing age. When decreasing from the reference interval, a convex curve with a positive trend is observed. Upon elevated immunoglobulins exceeding the reference interval flow cytophotometric analysis has a convex positive trend, whereas for at lowering the reference interval flow cytophotometric analysis also has a convex positive trend exceeding 5 times.

Keywords

• coronavirus
• sars-cov-2
• immunogram
• flow cytophotometric analysis
• leukocytes
• systemic analysis