Frontiers in Nutrition (Jun 2022)
Ramadan Observance Exacerbated the Negative Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep and Training Behaviors: A International Survey on 1,681 Muslim Athletes
- Mohamed Romdhani,
- Mohamed Romdhani,
- Achraf Ammar,
- Achraf Ammar,
- Khaled Trabelsi,
- Khaled Trabelsi,
- Hamdi Chtourou,
- Hamdi Chtourou,
- Jacopo A. Vitale,
- Liwa Masmoudi,
- Mathieu Nédélec,
- Dale E. Rae,
- Ramzi A. Al Horani,
- Helmi Ben Saad,
- Nicola Bragazzi,
- Nicola Bragazzi,
- Gürhan Dönmez,
- Ismail Dergaa,
- Tarak Driss,
- Abdulaziz Farooq,
- Omar Hammouda,
- Omar Hammouda,
- Nesrine Harroum,
- Bahar Hassanmirzaei,
- Bahar Hassanmirzaei,
- Karim Khalladi,
- Syrine Khemila,
- Syrine Khemila,
- Leonardo Jose Mataruna-Dos-Santos,
- Leonardo Jose Mataruna-Dos-Santos,
- Imen Moussa-Chamari,
- Iñigo Mujika,
- Iñigo Mujika,
- Hussein Muñoz Helú,
- Amin Norouzi Fashkhami,
- Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos,
- Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos,
- Mehrshad Rahbari Khaneghah,
- Yoshitomo Saita,
- Maher Souabni,
- Nizar Souissi,
- Nizar Souissi,
- Jad Adrian Washif,
- Johanna Weber,
- Johanna Weber,
- Piotr Zmijewski,
- Lee Taylor,
- Lee Taylor,
- Sergio Garbarino,
- Sergio Garbarino,
- Karim Chamari
Affiliations
- Mohamed Romdhani
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Mohamed Romdhani
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- Achraf Ammar
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Khaled Trabelsi
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Hamdi Chtourou
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- Jacopo A. Vitale
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Liwa Masmoudi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Mathieu Nédélec
- The French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Unit, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA7370), Paris, France
- Dale E. Rae
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Ramzi A. Al Horani
- Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
- Helmi Ben Saad
- 0Laboratoire de Recherche (LR12SP09) “Insuffisance Cardiaque” Sousse, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Hôpital Farhat Hached, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Nicola Bragazzi
- 1Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Nicola Bragazzi
- 2Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Gürhan Dönmez
- 3Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Ismail Dergaa
- 4PHCC, Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Tarak Driss
- 5Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
- Abdulaziz Farooq
- 6Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
- Omar Hammouda
- 5Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
- Omar Hammouda
- 7Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Nesrine Harroum
- 8Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Science, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Bahar Hassanmirzaei
- 9Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Bahar Hassanmirzaei
- 0Iran Football Medical Assessment and Rehabilitation Center, IFMARC, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Tehran, Iran
- Karim Khalladi
- 6Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
- Syrine Khemila
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- Syrine Khemila
- 1High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Ksar Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
- Leonardo Jose Mataruna-Dos-Santos
- 2Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Management, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Leonardo Jose Mataruna-Dos-Santos
- 3Coventry University – Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relation, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Imen Moussa-Chamari
- 4Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Iñigo Mujika
- 5Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
- Iñigo Mujika
- 6Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
- Hussein Muñoz Helú
- 7Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Culiacán, Mexico
- Amin Norouzi Fashkhami
- 8Esteghlal Physiotherapy Clinic, EPC, Tehran, Iran
- Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos
- 9Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos
- 0Departamento de Fisioterapia, Instituto Multidisciplinar de Reabilitação e Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Mehrshad Rahbari Khaneghah
- 8Esteghlal Physiotherapy Clinic, EPC, Tehran, Iran
- Yoshitomo Saita
- 1Department of Sports and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Maher Souabni
- 5Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
- Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- Nizar Souissi
- 1High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Ksar Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
- Jad Adrian Washif
- 2Sports Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Johanna Weber
- 3Neurocognition and Action – Biomechanics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Johanna Weber
- 4Institute for Sports Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Piotr Zmijewski
- 5Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Lee Taylor
- 6National Center for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Lee Taylor
- 7Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sergio Garbarino
- 8Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Infantile Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Sergio Garbarino
- 9Post-graduate School of Occupational Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Karim Chamari
- 6Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.925092
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 9
Abstract
ObjectiveDisrupted sleep and training behaviors in athletes have been reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed at investigating the combined effects of Ramadan observance and COVID-19 related lockdown in Muslim athletes.MethodsFrom an international sample of athletes (n = 3,911), 1,681 Muslim athletes (from 44 countries; 25.1 ± 8.7 years, 38% females, 41% elite, 51% team sport athletes) answered a retrospective, cross-sectional questionnaire relating to their behavioral habits pre- and during- COVID-19 lockdown, including: (i) Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI); (ii) insomnia severity index (ISI); (iii) bespoke questions about training, napping, and eating behaviors, and (iv) questions related to training and sleep behaviors during-lockdown and Ramadan compared to lockdown outside of Ramadan. The survey was disseminated predominately through social media, opening 8 July and closing 30 September 2020.ResultsThe lockdown reduced sleep quality and increased insomnia severity (both p < 0.001). Compared to non-Muslim (n = 2,230), Muslim athletes reported higher PSQI and ISI scores during-lockdown (both p < 0.001), but not pre-lockdown (p > 0.05). Muslim athletes reported longer (p < 0.001; d = 0.29) and later (p < 0.001; d = 0.14) daytime naps, and an increase in late-night meals (p < 0.001; d = 0.49) during- compared to pre-lockdown, associated with lower sleep quality (all p < 0.001). Both sleep quality (χ2 = 222.6; p < 0.001) and training volume (χ2 = 342.4; p < 0.001) were lower during-lockdown and Ramadan compared to lockdown outside of Ramadan in the Muslims athletes.ConclusionMuslim athletes reported lower sleep quality and higher insomnia severity during- compared to pre-lockdown, and this was exacerbated by Ramadan observance. Therefore, further attention to Muslim athletes is warranted when a circadian disrupter (e.g., lockdown) occurs during Ramadan.
Keywords