Anti-Struvite, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Saussurea costus</i> (Falc) Lipsch Asteraceae
Naima Mammate,
Fatima Ezzahra El oumari,
Hamada Imtara,
Salim Belchkar,
Ghita Benjelloun Touimi,
Mohammed Al-Zharani,
Hassan A. Rudayni,
Ashraf Ahmed Qurtam,
Mohammed S. Aleissa,
Fahd A. Nasr,
Omar M. Noman,
Tarik Sqalli Houssaini
Affiliations
Naima Mammate
Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dental Medicine, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez 30070, Morocco
Fatima Ezzahra El oumari
Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dental Medicine, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez 30070, Morocco
Hamada Imtara
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Arab American University Palestine, Jenin P.O. Box 240, Palestine
Salim Belchkar
Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dental Medicine, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez 30070, Morocco
Ghita Benjelloun Touimi
Laboratory of Human Pathology Biomedicine and Environment, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fez 30070, Morocco
Mohammed Al-Zharani
Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
Hassan A. Rudayni
Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
Ashraf Ahmed Qurtam
Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed S. Aleissa
Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
Fahd A. Nasr
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Omar M. Noman
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Tarik Sqalli Houssaini
Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dental Medicine, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1893, Km 22, Road of Sidi Harazem, Fez 30070, Morocco
Saussurea costus (Falc) Lipsch is a traditional herb used to treat kidney stone problems because it contains several molecules used to treat this health problem, such as quercitrin. Infectious stones are the most painful of all urinary tract disorders, with ammonium phosphate (struvite) and carbapatite stones being the most common, caused by a bacterial infection with urease activity. These stones are treated with antibiotics, but antibiotic resistance is on the rise. The current study investigated the anti-urolithic activities of S. costus aqueous and ethanolic extracts of against struvite crystals synthesized using microscopic crystallization and turbidimetric methods, respectively. The utilized methods indicated that the ethanolic extract of this plant has a significant inhibitory effect on struvite crystallization, with a percentage inhibition of (87.45 ± 1.107) (p −1 and a decrease in the number of struvite crystals, reaching values less than 100/mm3. For the number of struvite crystals inhibited by cystone, we found a value of 400/mm3 and with the aqueous extract we found 700/mm3. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts studied was examined against several urease-producing bacteria, and this activity was evaluated by qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods; the highest minimum inhibitory concentration was seen in the ethanolic extract, with an MIC of 50 mg mL−1 for Staphylococcus aureus followed by an MIC of 200 mg mL−1 for Klebsiella pneumoniae. It showed a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae (>50 mg mL−1 and >200 mg mL−1, respectively). Furthermore, to determine the extract’s anti-inflammatory activity, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in rats. The results show that at a dose of 400 mg kg−1, the ethanolic extract has a maximum edema inhibition of 66%.
