Investigation of <em>Euphorbia nivulia</em>-HAM for Enzyme Inhibition Potential in Relation to the Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Radical Scavenging Activity
Muhammad Younus,
Muhammad Mohtasheem-ul-Hasan,
Shakeel Ijaz,
Muhammad Kamran,
Ambreen Maqsood,
Bushra Saddique,
Uzair Nisar,
Muhammad Ashraf,
Eman A. Mahmoud,
Ahmed M. El-Sabrout,
Hosam O. Elansary
Affiliations
Muhammad Younus
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
Muhammad Mohtasheem-ul-Hasan
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan
Shakeel Ijaz
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
Muhammad Kamran
School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
Ambreen Maqsood
Faculty of Agriculture, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
Bushra Saddique
Faculty of Agriculture, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
Uzair Nisar
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ziauddin University, Karachi 75600, Pakistan
Muhammad Ashraf
Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
Eman A. Mahmoud
Department of Food Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta 34511, Egypt
Ahmed M. El-Sabrout
Department of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
Hosam O. Elansary
Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Euphorbia nivulia-Ham (EN) is a neglected medicinal plant traditionally used for a number of pathologies, but it has not been explored scientifically. In the current study, its various fractions were assessed for their phenolic and flavonoid content, radical scavenging, as well as its enzyme inhibitory potential. The hydro-alcoholic crude extract (ENCr) was subjected to a fractionation scheme to obtain different fractions, namely n-hexane (ENHF), chloroform (ENCF), n-butanol (ENBF), and aqueous fraction (ENAF). The obtained results revealed that the highest phenolic and flavonoid content, maximum radical scavenging potential (91 ± 0.55%), urease inhibition (54.36 ± 1.47%), and α-glucosidase inhibition (97.84 ± 1.87%) were exhibited by ENCr, while the ENBF fraction exhibited the highest acetylcholinestrase inhibition (57.32 ± 0.43%). Contrary to these, hydro-alcoholic crude as well as the other fractions showed no significant butyrylcholinestrases (BChE) and carbonic anhydrase inhibition activity. Conclusively, it was found that EN possesses a significant radical scavenging and enzyme inhibitory potential. Thus, the study may be regarded a step forward towards evidence-based phyto-medicine.
