Plant Extract of <i>Limonium gmelinii</i> Attenuates Oxidative Responses in Neurons, Astrocytes, and Cerebral Endothelial Cells In Vitro and Improves Motor Functions of Rats after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
Tulendy Nurkenov,
Andrey Tsoy,
Farkhad Olzhayev,
Elvira Abzhanova,
Anel Turgambayeva,
Aizhan Zhussupova,
Bharathi Avula,
Samir Ross,
Aigerim Aituarova,
Dariya Kassymova,
Galiya Zhusupova,
Tamara Shalakhmetova,
Tursonjan Tokay,
James C. Lee,
Sholpan Askarova
Affiliations
Tulendy Nurkenov
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
Andrey Tsoy
National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
Farkhad Olzhayev
National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
Elvira Abzhanova
National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
Anel Turgambayeva
National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
Aizhan Zhussupova
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
Bharathi Avula
School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
Samir Ross
School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
Aigerim Aituarova
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
Dariya Kassymova
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
Galiya Zhusupova
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
Tamara Shalakhmetova
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
Tursonjan Tokay
School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
James C. Lee
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
Sholpan Askarova
National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
There are numerous publications demonstrating that plant polyphenols can reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the brain. In the present study we have investigated the neuroprotective effect of plant extract isolated from the roots of L. gmelinii since it contains a rich source of polyphenols and other biologically active compounds. We have applied an oxidative and inflammatory model induced by NMDA, H2O2, and TNF-α in human primary neurons and astrocytes, and mouse cerebral endothelial cell (CECs) line in vitro. The levels of ROS generation, NADPH oxidase activation, P-selectin expression, and activity of ERK1/2 were evaluated by quantitative immunofluorescence analysis, confocal microscopy, and MAPK assay. In vivo, sensorimotor functions in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were assessed. In neurons NMDA induced overproduction of ROS, in astrocytes TNF-α initiated ROS generation, NADPH oxidase activation, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. In CECs, the exposure by TNF-α induced oxidative stress and triggered the accumulation of P-selectin on the surface of the cells. In turn, pre-treatment of the cells with the extract of L. gmelinii suppressed oxidative stress in all cell types and pro-inflammatory responses in astrocytes and CECs. In vivo, the treatment with L. gmelinii extract improved motor activity in rats with MCAO.
