The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2024)
Direct Optimal Mapping Image Power Spectrum and its Window Functions
- Zhilei Xu,
- Honggeun Kim,
- Jacqueline N. Hewitt,
- Kai-Feng Chen,
- Nicholas S. Kern,
- Eleanor Rath,
- Ruby Byrne,
- Adélie Gorce,
- Robert Pascua,
- Zachary E. Martinot,
- Joshua S. Dillon,
- Bryna J. Hazelton,
- Adrian Liu,
- Miguel F. Morales,
- Zara Abdurashidova,
- Tyrone Adams,
- James E. Aguirre,
- Paul Alexander,
- Zaki S. Ali,
- Rushelle Baartman,
- Yanga Balfour,
- Adam P. Beardsley,
- Gianni Bernardi,
- Tashalee S. Billings,
- Judd D. Bowman,
- Richard F. Bradley,
- Philip Bull,
- Jacob Burba,
- Steven Carey,
- Chris L. Carilli,
- Carina Cheng,
- David R. DeBoer,
- Eloy de Lera Acedo,
- Matt Dexter,
- Nico Eksteen,
- John Ely,
- Aaron Ewall-Wice,
- Nicolas Fagnoni,
- Randall Fritz,
- Steven R. Furlanetto,
- Kingsley Gale-Sides,
- Brian Glendenning,
- Deepthi Gorthi,
- Bradley Greig,
- Jasper Grobbelaar,
- Ziyaad Halday,
- Jack Hickish,
- Daniel C. Jacobs,
- Austin Julius,
- MacCalvin Kariseb,
- Joshua Kerrigan,
- Piyanat Kittiwisit,
- Saul A. Kohn,
- Matthew Kolopanis,
- Adam Lanman,
- Paul La Plante,
- Anita Loots,
- David Harold Edward MacMahon,
- Lourence Malan,
- Cresshim Malgas,
- Keith Malgas,
- Bradley Marero,
- Andrei Mesinger,
- Mathakane Molewa,
- Tshegofalang Mosiane,
- Steven G. Murray,
- Abraham R. Neben,
- Bojan Nikolic,
- Hans Nuwegeld,
- Aaron R. Parsons,
- Nipanjana Patra,
- Samantha Pieterse,
- Nima Razavi-Ghods,
- James Robnett,
- Kathryn Rosie,
- Peter Sims,
- Craig Smith,
- Hilton Swarts,
- Jianrong Tan,
- Nithyanandan Thyagarajan,
- Pieter van Wyngaarden,
- Peter K. G. Williams,
- Haoxuan Zheng,
- HERA Collaboration
Affiliations
- Zhilei Xu
- ORCiD
- MIT Kavli Institute , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]
- Honggeun Kim
- ORCiD
- MIT Kavli Institute , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, USA
- Jacqueline N. Hewitt
- ORCiD
- MIT Kavli Institute , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, USA
- Kai-Feng Chen
- ORCiD
- MIT Kavli Institute , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, USA
- Nicholas S. Kern
- ORCiD
- MIT Kavli Institute , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, USA
- Eleanor Rath
- MIT Kavli Institute , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ruby Byrne
- ORCiD
- Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, USA
- Adélie Gorce
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University , 3600 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
- Robert Pascua
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University , 3600 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
- Zachary E. Martinot
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Joshua S. Dillon
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Bryna J. Hazelton
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA; eScience Institute, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
- Adrian Liu
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University , 3600 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada; Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Miguel F. Morales
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
- Zara Abdurashidova
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Tyrone Adams
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- James E. Aguirre
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Paul Alexander
- Cavendish Astrophysics, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
- Zaki S. Ali
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Rushelle Baartman
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Yanga Balfour
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Adam P. Beardsley
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ, USA; Department of Physics, Winona State University , Winona, MN, USA
- Gianni Bernardi
- ORCiD
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa; INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia , via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University , PO Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
- Tashalee S. Billings
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Judd D. Bowman
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ, USA
- Richard F. Bradley
- ORCiD
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory , Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Philip Bull
- ORCiD
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester , Manchester, M13 9PL, UK; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Cape , Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
- Jacob Burba
- ORCiD
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester , Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Steven Carey
- Cavendish Astrophysics, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
- Chris L. Carilli
- ORCiD
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory , Socorro, NM 87801, USA
- Carina Cheng
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- David R. DeBoer
- ORCiD
- Radio Astronomy Lab, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Eloy de Lera Acedo
- Cavendish Astrophysics, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
- Matt Dexter
- Radio Astronomy Lab, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Nico Eksteen
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- John Ely
- Cavendish Astrophysics, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
- Aaron Ewall-Wice
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Nicolas Fagnoni
- Cavendish Astrophysics, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
- Randall Fritz
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Steven R. Furlanetto
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Kingsley Gale-Sides
- Cavendish Astrophysics, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
- Brian Glendenning
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory , Socorro, NM, USA
- Deepthi Gorthi
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Bradley Greig
- ORCiD
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Jasper Grobbelaar
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Ziyaad Halday
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Jack Hickish
- Radio Astronomy Lab, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Daniel C. Jacobs
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ, USA
- Austin Julius
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- MacCalvin Kariseb
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Joshua Kerrigan
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Brown University , Providence, RI, USA
- Piyanat Kittiwisit
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Cape , Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
- Saul A. Kohn
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Matthew Kolopanis
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ, USA
- Adam Lanman
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, Brown University , Providence, RI, USA
- Paul La Plante
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Anita Loots
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- David Harold Edward MacMahon
- Radio Astronomy Lab, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lourence Malan
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Cresshim Malgas
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Keith Malgas
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Bradley Marero
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Andrei Mesinger
- ORCiD
- Scuola Normale Superiore , 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy
- Mathakane Molewa
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Tshegofalang Mosiane
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Steven G. Murray
- ORCiD
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ, USA
- Abraham R. Neben
- ORCiD
- MIT Kavli Institute , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA ; [email protected], [email protected]; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, USA
- Bojan Nikolic
- Cavendish Astrophysics, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
- Hans Nuwegeld
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Aaron R. Parsons
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Nipanjana Patra
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA
- Samantha Pieterse
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Nima Razavi-Ghods
- Cavendish Astrophysics, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
- James Robnett
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory , Socorro, NM 87801, USA
- Kathryn Rosie
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Peter Sims
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University , 3600 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
- Craig Smith
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Hilton Swarts
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Jianrong Tan
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Nithyanandan Thyagarajan
- ORCiD
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) , Space & Astronomy, P. O. Box 1130, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Pieter van Wyngaarden
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory , Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Peter K. G. Williams
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA; American Astronomical Society , Washington, DC, USA
- Haoxuan Zheng
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, USA
- HERA Collaboration
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad528c
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 971,
no. 1
p. 16
Abstract
The key to detecting neutral hydrogen during the epoch of reionization (EoR) is to separate the cosmological signal from the dominating foreground radiation. We developed direct optimal mapping (DOM) to map interferometric visibilities; it contains only linear operations, with full knowledge of point spread functions from visibilities to images. Here, we demonstrate a fast Fourier transform-based image power spectrum and its window functions computed from the DOM images. We use noiseless simulation, based on the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array Phase I configuration, to study the image power spectrum properties. The window functions show <10 ^−11 of the integrated power leaks from the foreground-dominated region into the EoR window; the 2D and 1D power spectra also verify the separation between the foregrounds and the EoR.
Keywords
