Dietary acid load as well as dietary phytochemical index, and association with multiple sclerosis: results from a case–control study

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by central nervous system (CNS) lesions. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of MS remains unclear, nutrition is among the environmental factors that may be involved in developing MS. Currently, no specific diet has been associated with MS. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the dietary phytochemical index (DPI), dietary acid load (DAL), and the risk of developing MS. Methods This case‒control study was conducted on 174 patients with MS and 171 healthy individuals in Mashhad, Iran. Data were collected using a 160-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The study investigated the association between DPI, DAL, and MS, considering anthropometric measures, dietary intake, smoking habits, and sex. DPI, potential renal acid load (PRAL), and net endogenous acid production (NEAP), as indicators of DAL, were calculated based on the FFQ. Results The study analyzed 345 participants, comprising 174 (50.4%) MS patients and 171 (49.6%) healthy individuals. The mean age of the participants was 32.45 ± 8.66 years. The DPI score was significantly lower among MS patients, while the NEAP and PRAL scores were significantly higher among MS patients compared to the healthy group. There was no relationship between NEAP (OR 1.001; 95% CI 0.959–1.044; P = 0.974) and PRAL (OR 1.019; 95% CI 0.979–1.061; P = 0.356) and MS incidence. Conclusions The study found higher smoking and obesity rates in MS patients, with a reduced DPI score and increased DAL. Further studies are needed before recommending plant-based foods and dietary acid–base balance evaluation as therapeutic approach. Graphical Abstract

Keywords

• Autoimmune diseases
• Multiple sclerosis
• Neurodegeneration
• Inflammation
• Phytochemicals index
• Dietary acid load