Safety Evaluation of Chemical Insecticides to <i>Tetrastichus howardi</i> (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Pupal Parasitoid of <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Using Three Exposure Routes

Abstract

Spodoptera frugiperda has become a major pest in many crops worldwide. The main control strategies are biological and chemical controls. However, pesticides have varying degrees of toxicity to parasitic wasps in the field. To integrate chemical and biological controls, we evaluated the safety of insecticides to Tetrastichus howardi, an important pupal parasitoid of S. frugiperda. This study assessed the toxicity of six major control insecticides (emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole, bisultap, and lufenuron) to T. howardi based on risk quotient. The results showed that indoxacarb had the lowest risk quotient (RQ = 7.43). Then the side effects of three sublethal concentrations (LC20, LC30, LC40) of indoxacarb were tested using three methods (1. Adult exposure to pesticide residues on the glass tube; 2. Adult exposure to pesticide residues on the host; 3. Larval exposure to pesticides through host exposure). Overall, T. howardi had a lower parasitism rate and emergence rate with the higher pesticide concentrations. Furthermore, among three methods, the adult exposure to pesticide residues on the glass tube was the most efficient in inhibiting the parasitism rate, and impairing the emergence rate and the offspring female/male ratio. This study guides a more scientific and comprehensive application of pesticides and releases natural enemies in the field.

Keywords

• pest
• insecticides
• pupal parasitoid
• toxicity
• sublethal effects