Prevalence of Thromboembolic Complications in COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Introduction: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection is proved to be involved in the onset of thromboembolism episodes. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of thromboembolic complications in patients with COVID-19 from March until May 2020. Methods: A literature review was conducted in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, Embase, Cochrane, and CINHAL without any language and date of publication restriction (Prospero registration number CRD42020186925). The inclusion criteria were as following: 1) patients with diagnosis of COVID-19; 2) occurrence of thromboembolic event, and 3) patients older than 18 years of age. A multi-variable random effects model was computed accounting for correlations among outcomes by considering a heterogeneous compound symmetry covariance matrix. Results: Observational studies included 2,442 participants from 268 to 7,999 participants per study, 1,014 (41.52%) were male and 825 (33.78%) were female. The multi-variable pooled event rate of acute myocardial infarction was rare, estimated to be 0.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.00–0.07; p=0.23); this is also true for the meta-analytical estimate of disseminated intravascular disease which was 0.04 (95% CI: 0.00–0.08; p=0.03). Conversely, other events were found to be more frequent. Indeed, the pooled proportion of pulmonary embolism was 0.14 (95% CI: 0.08–0.20; p less than 0.001), while the venous thromboembolic event rate is 0.15 (95% CI: 0.09-0.30; p=0.04). The pooled intrahospital mortality rate was equal to 0.12 (95% CI: 0.08–0.16; p less than 0.001). Conclusions: Thromboembolic events, particularly venous thromboembolic event rate and pulmonary embolism, are a frequent complication in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. These findings suggest that the threshold for clinical suspicion should be low to trigger prompt diagnostic testing and that evaluation of therapeutic treatment should be considered in patients in intensive care units with COVID-19.