ME-Net: A Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Extracting Mangrove Using Sentinel-2A Data

Abstract

Mangroves play an important role in many aspects of ecosystem services. Mangroves should be accurately extracted from remote sensing imagery to dynamically map and monitor the mangrove distribution area. However, popular mangrove extraction methods, such as the object-oriented method, still have some defects for remote sensing imagery, such as being low-intelligence, time-consuming, and laborious. A pixel classification model inspired by deep learning technology was proposed to solve these problems. Three modules in the proposed model were designed to improve the model performance. A multiscale context embedding module was designed to extract multiscale context information. Location information was restored by the global attention module, and the boundary of the feature map was optimized by the boundary fitting unit. Remote sensing imagery and mangrove distribution ground truth labels obtained through visual interpretation were applied to build the dataset. Then, the dataset was used to train deep convolutional neural network (CNN) for extracting the mangrove. Finally, comparative experiments were conducted to prove the potential for mangrove extraction. We selected the Sentinel-2A remote sensing data acquired on 13 April 2018 in Hainan Dongzhaigang National Nature Reserve in China to conduct a group of experiments. After processing, the data exhibited 2093 × 2214 pixels, and a mangrove extraction dataset was generated. The dataset was made from Sentinel-2A satellite, which includes five original bands, namely R, G, B, NIR, and SWIR-1, and six multispectral indices, namely normalization difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), forest discrimination index (FDI), wetland forest index (WFI), mangrove discrimination index (MDI), and the first principal component (PCA1). The dataset has a total of 6400 images. Experimental results based on datasets show that the overall accuracy of the trained mangrove extraction network reaches 97.48%. Our method benefits from CNN and achieves a more accurate intersection and union ratio than other machine learning and pixel classification methods by analysis. The designed model global attention module, multiscale context embedding, and boundary fitting unit are helpful for mangrove extraction.

Keywords

• mangrove extraction
• deep learning
• pixels classification
• boundary fitting
• attention mechanism