Multi-Therapeutic Potential of Naringenin (4′,5,7-Trihydroxyflavonone): Experimental Evidence and Mechanisms
Azher Arafah,
Muneeb U. Rehman,
Tahir Maqbool Mir,
Adil Farooq Wali,
Rayeesa Ali,
Wajhul Qamar,
Rehan Khan,
Ajaz Ahmad,
Syed Sameer Aga,
Saeed Alqahtani,
Nada M. Almatroudi
Affiliations
Azher Arafah
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Muneeb U. Rehman
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Tahir Maqbool Mir
National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
Adil Farooq Wali
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, RAK College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Science University, Ras Al Khaimah 11171, UAE
Rayeesa Ali
Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Alustang, Shuhama 190006, India
Wajhul Qamar
Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Rehan Khan
Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano-Science and Technology (DST-INST), Mohali 160047, India
Ajaz Ahmad
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Syed Sameer Aga
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
Saeed Alqahtani
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Nada M. Almatroudi
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy Girls Campus, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Extensive research has been carried out during the last few decades, providing a detailed account of thousands of discovered phytochemicals and their biological activities that have the potential to be exploited for a wide variety of medicinal purposes. These phytochemicals, which are pharmacologically important for clinical use, primarily consist of polyphenols, followed by terpenoids and alkaloids. There are numerous published reports indicating the primary role of phytochemicals proven to possess therapeutic potential against several diseases. However, not all phytochemicals possess significant medicinal properties, and only some of them exhibit viable biological effects. Naringenin, a flavanone found in citrus fruits, is known to improve immunity, repair DNA damage, and scavenge free radicals. Despite the very low bioavailability of naringenin, it is known to exhibit various promising biological properties of medicinal importance, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This review focuses on the various aspects related to naringenin, particularly its physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties. Furthermore, various pharmacological activities of naringenin, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, nephroprotective, and gastroprotective effects, have been discussed along with their mechanisms of action.
