Non-cardiac issues in patients with heterotaxy syndrome

Abstract

Management of complex congenital heart disease in patients with Heterotaxy syndrome (HS) has steadily improved. However, there is an insufficient appreciation of various non-cardiac issues that might impact the overall status of these patients. This article briefly reviews the implications of gastrointestinal, immunologic, genitourinary, respiratory, and central nervous system involvement in HS patients with a view to aid in their comprehensive clinical management.

Keywords

• Asplenia
• congenital heart disease
• heterotaxy syndrome
• polysplenia