Advanced Urea Precursors Driven NiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanostructures Based Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor for Milk and Urine Real Sample Applications
Sanjha Mangrio,
Aneela Tahira,
Abdul Sattar Chang,
Ihsan Ali Mahar,
Mehnaz Markhand,
Aqeel Ahmed Shah,
Shymaa S. Medany,
Ayman Nafady,
Elmuez A. Dawi,
Lama M. A. Saleem,
E. M. Mustafa,
Brigitte Vigolo,
Zafar Hussain Ibupoto
Affiliations
Sanjha Mangrio
Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
Aneela Tahira
Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mirs 66111, Pakistan
Abdul Sattar Chang
Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
Ihsan Ali Mahar
Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
Mehnaz Markhand
Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
Aqeel Ahmed Shah
Department of metalluargy and Materials, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Shymaa S. Medany
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
Ayman Nafady
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Elmuez A. Dawi
Nonlinear Dynamics Research Centre (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
Lama M. A. Saleem
Biomolecular Science, Earth and Life Science, Amsterdam University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
E. M. Mustafa
Department of Sciences and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
Brigitte Vigolo
The Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France
Zafar Hussain Ibupoto
Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
The electrochemical performance of NiCo2O4 with urea precursors was evaluated in order to develop a non-enzymatic urea sensor. In this study, NiCo2O4 nanostructures were synthesized hydrothermally at different concentrations of urea and characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Nanostructures of NiCo2O4 exhibit a nanorod-like morphology and a cubic phase crystal structure. Urea can be detected with high sensitivity through NiCo2O4 nanostructures driven by urea precursors under alkaline conditions. A low limit of detection of 0.05 and an analytical range of 0.1 mM to 10 mM urea are provided. The concentration of 006 mM was determined by cyclic voltammetry. Chronoamperometry was used to determine the linear range in the range of 0.1 mM to 8 mM. Several analytical parameters were assessed, including selectivity, stability, and repeatability. NiCo2O4 nanostructures can also be used to detect urea in various biological samples in a practical manner.
