Soil Acidification, Mineral Neoformation and Heavy Metal Contamination Driven by Weathering of Sulphide Wastes in a Ramsar Wetland

Abstract

Past waste disposal practices have left large volumes of sulphidic material stockpiled in a Ramsar wetland site on the Atlantic coast of southwestern Spain, leading to severe land degradation. With the aim of addressing this legacy issue, soil core samples were collected along two transects extending from the abandoned stockpiles to the adjacent marshland and subjected to XRD, SEM-EDS, ICP-OES and ICP-MS analyses. Sulphide oxidation has been shown to be a major driver of acid generation and metal leaching into the environment. The marsh soil receiving acid discharges from the sulphide wastes contains elevated levels (in mg kg−1) of Pb (up to 9838), As (up to 1538), Zn (up to 1486), Cu (up to 705), Sb (up to 225) and Tl (up to 13), which are retained both in relatively insoluble secondary minerals (mainly metal sulphates and oxides) and in easily soluble hydrated salts that serve as a transitory pool of acidity and available metals. By using a number of enrichment calculation methods that relate the metal concentrations in soil and their baseline concentrations and regulatory thresholds, there is enough evidence to conclude that these pollutants may pose an unacceptable risk to human and ecological receptors.

Keywords

• pyrite
• acid drainage
• efflorescent sulphate salts
• marsh soil
• coastal wetland
• Odiel river