New Sustainable Approach for the Production of Fe₃O₄/Graphene Oxide-Activated Persulfate System for Dye Removal in Real Wastewater

Abstract

Persulfate (PS)-activated, iron-based heterogeneous catalysts have attracted significant attention as a potential advanced and sustainable water purification system. Herein, a novel Fe3O4 impregnated graphene oxide (Fe3O4@GO)-activated persulfate system (Fe3O4@GO+K2S2O8) was synthesized by following a sustainable protocol and was tested on real wastewater containing dye pollutants. In the presence of the PS-activated system, the degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B (RhB) was significantly increased to a level of ≈95% compared with that of Fe3O4 (≈25%). The influences of different operational parameters, including solution pH, persulfate dosage, and RhB concentration, were systemically evaluated. This system maintained its catalytic activity and durability with a negligible amount of iron leached during successive recirculation experiments. The degradation intermediates were further identified through reactive oxygen species (ROS) studies, where surface-bound SO4− was found to be dominant radical for RhB degradation. Moreover, the degradation mechanism of RhB in the Fe3O4@GO+K2S2O8 system was discussed. Finally, the results indicate that the persulfate-activated Fe3O4@GO catalyst provided an effective pathway for the degradation of dye pollutants in real wastewater treatment.

Keywords

• persulfate activation
• dyes
• wastewater treatment
• fe₃o₄
• graphene