Barriers, perceived benefits and preferences to exercise in adults with an opioid use disorder in the U.S

Abstract

Introduction: Over 10 million Americans misuse opioids and more than 5 million have been diagnosed with an opioid use disorder (OUD). In 2021, over 100,000 Americans died of a drug overdose and more than 75% of these deaths involved an opioid. Exercise has been shown to increase abstinence and decrease anxiety and depression in people with a substance use disorder. However, only a few small trials have focused on persons with OUD who often experience additional challenges including chronic pain, mental health disorders and cardio-metabolic abnormalities. Methods: We aimed to describe the barriers, perceived benefits and preferences to exercise in adults with OUD in residential treatment in the U.S. as part of a larger study. We conducted 33 individually administered, semi-structured interviews and transcribed audiotapes verbatim, conducted coding and thematic analysis using NVivo v12 software (QSR International Inc.). Results: Our sample had nearly equal representation of males and females and, was predominantly Caucasian (88%) with a mean of age of 34.5 (s.d. 7.5) years old. Participants stated that exercise helps to reduce drug cravings, anxiety, depression and pain and improve mood, physical health and build “normalcy”. Barriers included lack of time, access to resources, fear of poor health and triggering pain. Participants preferred moderate intensity exercise 3 times/week and 30–60 min sessions. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that adults with OUD believe exercise is a valuable tool to use in their recovery but they encounter several barriers. Many barriers, however, could be overcome with structured programs offered by residential treatment centers.

Keywords

• Opioid use disorders
• OUD
• Exercise
• Barriers
• Facilitators