Unravelling the Asphericities in the Explosion and Multifaceted Circumstellar Matter of SN 2023ixf

Abstract

We present a detailed investigation of photometric, spectroscopic, and polarimetric observations of the Type II SN 2023ixf. Earlier studies have provided compelling evidence for a delayed shock breakout from a confined dense circumstellar matter (CSM) enveloping the progenitor star. The temporal evolution of polarization in the SN 2023ixf phase revealed three distinct peaks in polarization evolution at 1.4 days, 6.4 days, and 79.2 days, indicating an asymmetric dense CSM, an aspherical shock front and clumpiness in the low-density extended CSM, and an aspherical inner ejecta/He-core. SN 2023ixf displayed two dominant axes, one along the CSM-outer ejecta and the other along the inner ejecta/He-core, showcasing the independent origin of asymmetry in the early and late evolution. The argument for an aspherical shock front is further strengthened by the presence of a high-velocity broad absorption feature in the blue wing of the Balmer features in addition to the P-Cygni absorption post-16 days. Hydrodynamical light-curve modeling indicated a progenitor mass of 10 M _⊙ with a radius of 470 R _⊙ and explosion energy of 2 × 10 ^51 erg, along with 0.06 M _⊙ of ^56 Ni, though these properties are not unique due to modeling degeneracies. The modeling also indicated a two-zone CSM: a confined dense CSM extending up to 5 × 10 ^14 cm with a mass-loss rate of 10 ^−2 M _⊙ yr ^−1 and an extended CSM spanning from 5 × 10 ^14 to at least 10 ^16 cm with a mass-loss rate of 10 ^−4 M _⊙ yr ^−1 , both assuming a wind-velocity of 10 km s ^−1 . The early-nebular phase observations display an axisymmetric line profile of [O i ], redward attenuation of the emission of H α post 125 days, and flattening in the Ks -band, marking the onset of dust formation.

Keywords

• Core-collapse supernovae
• Supernova dynamics
• Type II supernovae
• Red supergiant stars
• Polarimetry
• Spectropolarimetry