بررسی پدیده خودکشی در اگزیستانسیالیسم با نگرش ویژه به گوشه نشینان آلتونا اثر ژان پل سارتر

Abstract

Representation of Suicide inLiterature began inGreek and Roman tragedies. Greek dramatists created some weak points in their characters and thus led them towards suicide. Elizabethan dramatists, like Shakespeare, continued this convention intheir dramas.Intheir plays characters were destined to commit suicide and did not have choices or free will. However, in twentieth century modern dramatists put this convention into question. Inplays by playwrights like Henrik Ibsen, VIctor Hugo, and Arthur Miller there is no such thing as predestined fate, although characters still commit suicide because they areaffected by the situation they live in.Representation of suicide later changed with new ideas of philosophers suchas Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Sartre. In existentialism, with Sartre as one of its most prominent theoretician, neither fate does exist nor are characters affected by the situation they are in. Sartre, with emphasis on"existence," discusses that people are free to choose different alternatives and he introduces Suicide as one of these choices. Sartre believes that the choice of suicides cannot be taken from human beings, however, this choice always accompanies with feaJ;. anguish, and responsibility. TheCondemned ofAltona articulates the attitude of Suicide as a "choice."

Keywords

• اگزیستانسیالیسم، کی یرکگور، سارتر، خودکشی، شناخت شناسی، هستی شناختی، وجود، ماهیت