Epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant organisms in Alameda County, California, 2019–2021

Abstract

Abstract Objective: Carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs) are an urgent health threat. Since 2017, Alameda County Health Public Health Department (ACPHD) mandates reporting of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and encourages voluntary reporting of non-CRE CROs including carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA). Surveillance data from ACPHD were analyzed to describe the epidemiology of CROs and target public health interventions. Methods: Healthcare facilities in Alameda County reported CRO cases and submitted isolates to ACPHD to characterize carbapenemase genes; deaths were identified via the California Electronic Death Registration System. CRO cases with isolates resistant to one or more carbapenems were analyzed from surveillance data from July 2019 to June 2021. Results: Four hundred and forty-two cases of CROs were reported to Alameda County from 408 patients. The county case rate for CROs was 29 cases per 100,000 population, and cases significantly increased over the 2-year period. CRPA was most commonly reported (157 cases, 36%), and cases of CRAB increased 1.83-fold. One-hundred eighty-six (42%) cases were identified among residents of long-term care facilities; 152 (37%) patients had died by January 2022. One hundred and seven (24%) cases produced carbapenemases. Conclusions: The high burden of CROs in Alameda County highlights the need for continued partnership on reporting, testing, and infection prevention to limit the spread of resistant organisms. A large proportion of cases were identified in vulnerable long-term care residents, and CRAB was an emerging CRO among this population. Screening for CROs and surveillance at the local level are important to understand epidemiology and implement public health interventions.