Gaze alternation predicts inclusive next-speaker selection: evidence from eyetracking

Abstract

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Next-speaker selection refers to the practices conversationalists rely on to designate who should speak next. Speakers have various methods available to them to select a next speaker. Certain actions, however, systematically co-select more than one particular participant to respond. These actions include asking “open-floor” questions, which are addressed to more than one recipient and that more than one recipient are eligible to answer. Here, next-speaker selection is inclusive. How are these questions multimodally designed? How does their multimodal design differ from the design of “closed-floor” questions, in which just one participant is selected as next speaker and where next-speaker selection is exclusive? Based on eyetracking data collected in naturalistic conversation, this study demonstrates that unlike closed-floor questions, open-floor questions can be predicted based on the speaker’s gaze alternation during the question. The discussion highlights cases of gaze alternation in open-floor questions and exhaustively explores deviant cases in closed-floor questions. It also addresses the functional relation of gaze alternation and gaze selection, arguing that the two selection techniques may collide, creating disorderly turntaking due to a fundamental change in participation framework from focally dyadic to inclusive. Data are in British and American English.

Keywords

• next-speaker selection
• conversation
• gaze alternation
• inclusion–exclusion
• eyetracking
• participation framework