The Astrophysical Journal (Jan 2023)
DeepZipper. II. Searching for Lensed Supernovae in Dark Energy Survey Data with Deep Learning
- R. Morgan,
- B. Nord,
- K. Bechtol,
- A. Möller,
- W. G. Hartley,
- S. Birrer,
- S. J. González,
- M. Martinez,
- R. A. Gruendl,
- E. J. Buckley-Geer,
- A. J. Shajib,
- A. Carnero Rosell,
- C. Lidman,
- T. Collett,
- T. M. C. Abbott,
- M. Aguena,
- F. Andrade-Oliveira,
- J. Annis,
- D. Bacon,
- S. Bocquet,
- D. Brooks,
- D. L. Burke,
- M. Carrasco Kind,
- J. Carretero,
- F. J. Castander,
- C. Conselice,
- L. N. da Costa,
- M. Costanzi,
- J. De Vicente,
- S. Desai,
- P. Doel,
- S. Everett,
- I. Ferrero,
- B. Flaugher,
- D. Friedel,
- J. Frieman,
- J. García-Bellido,
- E. Gaztanaga,
- D. Gruen,
- G. Gutierrez,
- S. R. Hinton,
- D. L. Hollowood,
- K. Honscheid,
- K. Kuehn,
- N. Kuropatkin,
- O. Lahav,
- M. Lima,
- F. Menanteau,
- R. Miquel,
- A. Palmese,
- F. Paz-Chinchón,
- M. E. S. Pereira,
- A. Pieres,
- A. A. Plazas Malagón,
- J. Prat,
- M. Rodriguez-Monroy,
- A. K. Romer,
- A. Roodman,
- E. Sanchez,
- V. Scarpine,
- I. Sevilla-Noarbe,
- M. Smith,
- E. Suchyta,
- M. E. C. Swanson,
- G. Tarle,
- D. Thomas,
- T. N. Varga
Affiliations
- R. Morgan
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USA ; [email protected]; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA; Legacy Survey of Space and Time Corporation Data Science Fellowship Program , USA
- B. Nord
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- K. Bechtol
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USA ; [email protected]; Legacy Survey of Space and Time , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- A. Möller
- ORCiD
- Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology , Victoria 3122, Australia
- W. G. Hartley
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva , ch. d’Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- S. Birrer
- ORCiD
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- S. J. González
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USA ; [email protected]
- M. Martinez
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USA ; [email protected]
- R. A. Gruendl
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- E. J. Buckley-Geer
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- A. J. Shajib
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- A. Carnero Rosell
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias , E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia - LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil; Universidad de La Laguna , Dpto. Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- C. Lidman
- ORCiD
- Centre for Gravitational Astrophysics, College of Science, The Australian National University , ACT 2601, Australia; The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Australian National University , ACT 2601, Australia
- T. Collett
- ORCiD
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
- T. M. C. Abbott
- Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory , NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
- M. Aguena
- ORCiD
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia - LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil
- F. Andrade-Oliveira
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- J. Annis
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- D. Bacon
- ORCiD
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
- S. Bocquet
- ORCiD
- University Observatory , Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, D-81679 Munich, Germany
- D. Brooks
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- D. L. Burke
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P.O. Box 2450, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- M. Carrasco Kind
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- J. Carretero
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- F. J. Castander
- ORCiD
- Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- C. Conselice
- ORCiD
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; University of Nottingham , School of Physics and Astronomy, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- L. N. da Costa
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia - LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil; Observatório Nacional , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil
- M. Costanzi
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Unit, Department of Physics, University of Trieste , via Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste , via G.B. Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy; Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe , Via Beirut 2, I-34014 Trieste, Italy
- J. De Vicente
- ORCiD
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- S. Desai
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad , Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
- P. Doel
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- S. Everett
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- I. Ferrero
- Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo. P.O. Box 1029 Blindern , NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
- B. Flaugher
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- D. Friedel
- Center for Astrophysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- J. Frieman
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- J. García-Bellido
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- E. Gaztanaga
- ORCiD
- Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- D. Gruen
- ORCiD
- University Observatory , Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, D-81679 Munich, Germany
- G. Gutierrez
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- S. R. Hinton
- ORCiD
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- D. L. Hollowood
- ORCiD
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- K. Honscheid
- ORCiD
- Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Physics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- K. Kuehn
- ORCiD
- Australian Astronomical Optics, Macquarie University , North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia; Lowell Observatory , 1400 Mars Hill Rd, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- N. Kuropatkin
- ORCiD
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- O. Lahav
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- M. Lima
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia - LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil; Departamento de Física Matemática, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo , CP 66318, São Paulo, SP, 05314-970, Brazil
- F. Menanteau
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- R. Miquel
- ORCiD
- Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
- A. Palmese
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, 501 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- F. Paz-Chinchón
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
- M. E. S. Pereira
- Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg , Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany
- A. Pieres
- ORCiD
- Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia - LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil; Observatório Nacional , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ—20921-400, Brazil
- A. A. Plazas Malagón
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- J. Prat
- Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- M. Rodriguez-Monroy
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- A. K. Romer
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex , Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
- A. Roodman
- ORCiD
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, P.O. Box 2450, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- E. Sanchez
- ORCiD
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- V. Scarpine
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
- I. Sevilla-Noarbe
- ORCiD
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- M. Smith
- ORCiD
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- E. Suchyta
- ORCiD
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- M. E. C. Swanson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- G. Tarle
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- D. Thomas
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
- T. N. Varga
- Excellence Cluster Origins , Boltzmannstr. 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstrasse, D-85748 Garching, Germany; Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Scheinerstr. 1, D-81679 München, Germany
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac721b
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 943,
no. 1
p. 19
Abstract
Gravitationally lensed supernovae (LSNe) are important probes of cosmic expansion, but they remain rare and difficult to find. Current cosmic surveys likely contain 5–10 LSNe in total while next-generation experiments are expected to contain several hundred to a few thousand of these systems. We search for these systems in observed Dark Energy Survey (DES) five year SN fields—10 3 sq. deg. regions of sky imaged in the griz bands approximately every six nights over five years. To perform the search, we utilize the DeepZipper approach: a multi-branch deep learning architecture trained on image-level simulations of LSNe that simultaneously learns spatial and temporal relationships from time series of images. We find that our method obtains an LSN recall of 61.13% and a false-positive rate of 0.02% on the DES SN field data. DeepZipper selected 2245 candidates from a magnitude-limited ( m _i < 22.5) catalog of 3,459,186 systems. We employ human visual inspection to review systems selected by the network and find three candidate LSNe in the DES SN fields.
Keywords
