Comparative Conceptualization of the Issue of Free will and Authority in Education Based on the "Suspicious Human" Pattern

Abstract

The discussion about the issue of will and its role in human life has a long history. In the field of Islamic civilization, the roots of this debate go back to the first half of the first century and the conflict between Ash'ari and Mu'tazila. This article, which has dealt with the comparative conceptualization of the issue of will and autonomy in the field of education with a qualitative method and a descriptive analytical approach, tries to make a new conclusion about anthropology and the issue of will by relying on the " equivocal human" model. In this comparative model, which is deduced from the text of the Qur'an, mystical texts and Sadra's philosophy, human while being a "univocal concept", is an "equivocal being" that includes infinite levels of existence. From one point of view, the levels of human existence can be classified into four levels: material, ideal, rational and divine. In order that in Sadra's wisdom, existence is concomitance to knowledge and will, so human will is also equivocal. Each level of equivocal human existence has a stronger will than the previous level and a weaker will compared to the next level. If man is an equivocal being and, accordingly, the levels of his awareness and autonomy are also equivocal and hierarchically, naturally, it is impossible to talk about a single education system and method of education in all these levels. Each level of human consciousness and each level of his will requires its own educational method and system.

Keywords

• authority
• will
• anthropology
• levels of consciousness
• skeptical man
• education