A platinum(IV)–artesunate complex triggers ferroptosis by boosting cytoplasmic and mitochondrial lipid peroxidation to enhance tumor immunotherapy

Abstract

Abstract Ferroptosis is an iron‐dependent cell death form that initiates lipid peroxidation (LPO) in tumors. In recent years, there has been growing interest on ferroptosis, but how to propel it forward translational medicine remains in mist. Although experimental ferroptosis inducers such as RSL3 and erastin have demonstrated bioactivity in vitro, the poor antitumor outcome in animal model limits their development. In this study, we reveal a novel ferroptosis inducer, oxaliplatin–artesunate (OART), which exhibits substantial bioactivity in vitro and vivo, and we verify its feasibility in cancer immunotherapy. For mechanism, OART induces cytoplasmic and mitochondrial LPO to promote tumor ferroptosis, via inhibiting glutathione‐mediated ferroptosis defense system, enhancing iron‐dependent Fenton reaction, and initiating mitochondrial LPO. The destroyed mitochondrial membrane potential, disturbed mitochondrial fusion and fission, as well as downregulation of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase mutually contribute to mitochondrial LPO. Consequently, OART enhances tumor immunogenicity by releasing damage associated molecular patterns and promoting antigen presenting cells maturation, thereby transforming tumor environment from immunosuppressive to immunosensitive. By establishing in vivo model of tumorigenesis and lung metastasis, we verified that OART improves the systematic immune response. In summary, OART has enormous clinical potential for ferroptosis‐based cancer therapy in translational medicine.

Keywords

• artesunate
• ferroptosis
• lipid peroxidation
• mitochondria
• mitochondrial fission
• mitochondrial fusion