A landscape metrics-based sample weighting approach for forecasting land cover change with deep learning models

Abstract

Unaddressed imbalance of multitemporal land cover (LC) data reduces deep learning (DL) model usefulness to forecast changes. To manage geospatial data imbalance, there is a lack of specialized cost-sensitive learning strategies available. Sample weights are typically derived from training instance frequencies which disregard spatial pattern complexities. Therefore, this study proposes a geospatial sample weighting approach underpinned by class-level landscape metrics (LSMs) to assign importance to categories based on relative indicators of spatial form. A case study demonstrates the application and effects of the LSM-based sample weighting approach for projecting LC changes of a region in British Columbia, Canada. Four spatiotemporal DL models are provided weighted training samples including multitemporal LC data and explanatory factors. Sample weights calculated from indicators of patch density, shape irregularity and shape heterogeneity improved figure of merit and related measures over baseline configurations. This study contributes to LC change data imbalance management strategies for DL models.

Keywords

• land cover change
• landscape metrics
• geographic data imbalance
• sample weights
• spatiotemporal deep learning