Levosimendan is superior to epinephrine on coronary flow for lipid-base resuscitation of bupivacaine-induced asystole in the isolated rat heart

Abstract

Abstract Background Successful resuscitation from asystole induced by bupivacaine requires the reestablishment of a sufficient coronary flow (CF) quickly. This study was designed to test whether levosimendan was superior to epinephrine in the reestablishment of crucial coronary flows after bupivacaine-induced asystole. Methods The isolated, perfused, nonrecirculating, Langendorff rat heart preparation was used. Bupivacaine 100 μmol/L was perfused into rat hearts to induce asystole, and then for 3 min thereafter. Three experimental groups were assessed after asystole with infusions as follow: (1) a mixture of 2% lipid emulsion and 40 μmol/L bupivacaine (control group), (2) a mixture of 0.15 μg/mL epinephrine combined with 2% lipid emulsion and 40 μmol/L bupivacaine (epinephrine group), and (3) a mixture of 5 μmol/L levosimendan combined with a 2% lipid emulsion and 40 μmol/L bupivacaine mixture (levosimendan group). Coronary flow (CF), the time to recovery (Trecovery), the number of ventricular arrhythmias, and cardiac function parameters were recorded for 40 min after heartbeat recovery. Results All hearts in the control, epinephrine and levosimendan groups had heartbeat recovery. The rank order of the mean CF from highest to lowest was the levosimendan group > the epinepgrine group > the control group (P < 0.05). The rank order of Trecovery from shortest to longest was the levosimendan group < the epinephrine group < the control group (P < 0.01). During the recovery phase, isolated rat hearts developed more ventricular arrhythmias in the epinephrine group than in the levosimendan group (P = 0.01). Conclusion Levosimendan is superior to epinephrine in producing higher CFs and faster recovery when reversing bupivacaine-induced asystole in the isolated rat hearts.

Keywords

• Levosimendan
• Epinephrine
• Bupivacaine
• Cardiotoxicity
• Asystole