Potential Fungal Zoonotic Pathogens in Cetaceans: An Emerging Concern

Abstract

Over 60% of emerging infectious diseases in humans are zoonotic, often originating from wild animals. This long-standing ecological phenomenon has accelerated due to human-induced environmental changes. Recent data show a significant increase in fungal infections, with 6.5 million cases annually leading to 3.7 million deaths, indicating their growing impact on global health. Despite the vast diversity of fungal species, only a few are known to infect humans and marine mammals. Fungal zoonoses, especially those involving marine mammals like cetaceans, are of global public health concern. Increased human–cetacean interactions, in both professional and recreational settings, pose risks for zoonotic disease transmission. This review focuses on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and zoonotic potential of major fungal pathogens shared in humans and cetaceans, highlighting their interspecies transmission capability and the challenges posed by antifungal resistance and environmental changes. It underscores the need for enhanced awareness and preventative measures in high-risk settings to protect public health and marine ecosystems.

Keywords

• zoonotic diseases
• fungal infections
• marine mammals
• cetaceans
• public health
• antifungal resistance